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R H M Dykgraaf Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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S Schalekamp-Timmermans Division of Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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M C Adank Division of Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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S A A van den Berg Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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B M N van de Lang-Born Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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T I M Korevaar Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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A Kumar Ansh Labs, Webster, Texas, USA

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B Kalra Ansh Labs, Webster, Texas, USA

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G V Savjani Ansh Labs, Webster, Texas, USA

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E A P Steegers Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Division of Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Y V Louwers Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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J S E Laven Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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the GnRH pulse generator during pregnancy and contributes in that way to the decrease in pituitary gonadotrophins causing a decrease in AMH. Fetal growth is dependent on adequate development of the placenta ( 52 ). Korevaar et al. showed that a

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Huifei Sophia Zheng Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama

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Jeffrey G Daniel Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama

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Julia M Salamat Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama

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Laci Mackay Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama

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Chad D Foradori Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama

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Robert J Kemppainen Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama

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Satyanarayana R Pondugula Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama

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Ya-Xiong Tao Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama

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Chen-Che Jeff Huang Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama

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= −3.74, P < 0.0002). (B) GO analysis showed that all upregulated genes in the in vivo 1-h Dex treatment group were highly associated with neural cell development and function. The fold change used for heatmaps was calculated based on FPKM +0.001. S

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Simonetta Piana Pathology Unit, Azienda USL – IRCCS Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy

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Eleonora Zanetti Pathology Unit, Azienda USL – IRCCS Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy

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Alessandra Bisagni Pathology Unit, Azienda USL – IRCCS Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy

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Alessia Ciarrocchi Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda USL – IRCCS Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy

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Davide Giordano Otolaryngology Unit, Azienda USL – IRCCS Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy

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Federica Torricelli Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda USL – IRCCS Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy

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Teresa Rossi Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda USL – IRCCS Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy

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Moira Ragazzi Pathology Unit, Azienda USL – IRCCS Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy

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regulates many fundamental processes during development and homeostasis of a wide range of tissues. As a consequence, deregulation of this pathway has been linked to multiple human disorders, from congenital syndromes to cancer ( 1 , 2 , 3 ). NOTCH

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Kjersti S Bakken Women’s Clinic, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway
Center for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

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Kristina Randjelovic Nermo Center for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Department of Microbiology, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway

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Bjørn Gunnar Nedrebø Department of Medicine, Haugesund Hospital, Haugesund, Norway
Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

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Tim I M Korevaar Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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Tor A Strand Center for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Department of Research, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway

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Background Optimal thyroid function during pregnancy is essential for both the mother and the developing fetus since thyroid hormones regulate the metabolism, growth, maintenance of pregnancy and development of the fetal CNS ( 1 ). During

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S R Ali Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
Office for Rare Conditions, Royal Hospital for Children & Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK

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J Bryce Office for Rare Conditions, Royal Hospital for Children & Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK

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A L Priego-Zurita Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands

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M Cherenko Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands

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C Smythe Office for Rare Conditions, Royal Hospital for Children & Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK

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T M de Rooij Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands

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M Cools Department of Internal Medicine and Paediatrics, Ghent University, Belgium
Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium

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T Danne Diabetes Center AUF DER BULT, Hannover, Germany

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H Katugampola UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London

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O M Dekkers Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
Department of Medicine & Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands

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O Hiort Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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A Linglart AP-HP, Université Paris Saclay, INSERM, Bicêtre Paris Saclay Hospital, le Kremlin Bicêtre, France

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I Netchine Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de recherche Sainte Antoine, APHP, Hôpital des Enfants Armand Trousseau, Paris, France

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A Nordenstrom Pediatric Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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P Attila Clinical Genetics and Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary

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L Persani Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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N Reisch Endokrinologie, Medizinische Klinik Innenstadt und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany

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A Smyth Office for Rare Conditions, Royal Hospital for Children & Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK

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Z Sumnik Department of Pediatrics, Motol University Hospital and 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic

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D Taruscio National Centre for Rare Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy

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W E Visser Erasmus Medical Centre, Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Centre for Thyroid Diseases, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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A M Pereira Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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N M Appelman-Dijkstra Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands

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S F Ahmed Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
Office for Rare Conditions, Royal Hospital for Children & Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands

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(91%) 66 21 (2, 27) 0.1 (0, 1.3) 1.2  Growth and obesity 16 32 (12%) 225 (88%) 257 19 (5, 27) 0.4 (0, 5.6) 4.8  Pituitary 17 176 (51%) 168 (49%) 344 22 (4, 27) 0.4 (0, 8.7) 4.8  Sex development 20

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Emma Jernberg Department of Medical biosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

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Anders Bergh Department of Medical biosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

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Pernilla Wikström Department of Medical biosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

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, nilutamide and bicalutamide) reduces the risk of PC death by 10–30% compared to castration alone ( 8 ). Through the development of the 2nd-generation AR antagonists such as enzalutamide and apalutamide and the steroidogenesis inhibitor abiraterone acetate

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K E Lines
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R P Vas Nunes
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M Frost Academic Endocrine Unit, OCDEM, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK

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C J Yates Academic Endocrine Unit, OCDEM, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK

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M Stevenson Academic Endocrine Unit, OCDEM, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK

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R V Thakker Academic Endocrine Unit, OCDEM, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK

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diagnosed at a metastatic stage and not curable by surgery ( 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ). In addition, over 40% of sporadic (non-familial) PNETs also show mutations in the MEN1 gene ( 8 , 9 ). Thus, MEN1 mutations are frequently associated with PNET development

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Anna Gorbacheva Endocrinology Research Center, Moscow, Russian Federation

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Anna Eremkina Endocrinology Research Center, Moscow, Russian Federation

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Daria Goliusova Endocrinology Research Center, Moscow, Russian Federation

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Julia Krupinova Endocrinology Research Center, Moscow, Russian Federation

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Natalia Mokrysheva Endocrinology Research Center, Moscow, Russian Federation

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intracellular signaling. Mutations in the menin gene cause the development of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) syndrome. This autosomal dominant disease is characterized by the formation of multiple tumors, predominantly located in the endocrine glands

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Fei Wu Department of Nuclear Medicine, Yancheng City No. 1 People’s Hospital, Yancheng, China
Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China

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Chaoming Mao Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China

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Xiao Mou Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China

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Chengcheng Xu Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China

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Tingting Zheng Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China

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Ling Bu Department of Clinical Medicine, Jiangsu Health Vocational College, Nanjing, China

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Xuan Luo Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China

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Qingyan Lu Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, China

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Xuefeng Wang Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China

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shown that HT development depends on an immune defect in an individual with genetic susceptibility together with environmental factors ( 2 ), such as iodine, selenium, smoking, and medications (e.g. amiodarone, alumtuzumab, iplimumab, interferon alpha

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Brenda Anguiano Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, México

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Carlos Montes de Oca Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, México

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Evangelina Delgado-González Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, México

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Carmen Aceves Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, México

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Introduction The purpose of this review is to compile and discuss findings related to the role of thyroid hormones (THs) in the development, physiology, and pathology of the prostate gland. The study of the prostate is of interest in the field

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