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Christian Høst Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine and the Medical Research Laboratories, Clinical Institute, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark

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Anders Bojesen Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark

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Mogens Erlandsen Section for Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark

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Kristian A Groth Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark

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Kurt Kristensen Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark

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Anne Grethe Jurik Department of Radiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark

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Niels H Birkebæk Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark

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Claus H Gravholt Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine and the Medical Research Laboratories, Clinical Institute, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark

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morning was noted by the participant. Microdialysis After application of a local analgesic (Lidocaine), microdialysis catheters (CMA-60; CMA, Stockholm, Sweden) were inserted in subcutaneous adipose tissue in the periumbilical region. The

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Huda M Elsharkasi Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

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Suet C Chen Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

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Lewis Steell Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

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Shuko Joseph Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
Paediatric Neurosciences Research Group, Royal Hospital for Children, NHS Greater Glasgow & Clyde, Glasgow, UK

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Naiemh Abdalrahaman Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

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Christie McComb Department of Clinical Physics, NHS Greater Glasgow & Clyde, Glasgow, UK

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Blair Johnston Department of Clinical Physics, NHS Greater Glasgow & Clyde, Glasgow, UK

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John Foster Department of Clinical Physics, NHS Greater Glasgow & Clyde, Glasgow, UK

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Sze Choong Wong Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

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S Faisal Ahmed Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

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concurs with cross-sectional ( 58 ) and longitudinal studies ( 59 ). BMI is a crude marker of general adiposity; previous MRI-based studies by our group have shown that subcutaneous adipose tissue and visceral adipose tissue demonstrate different

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Magnolia Ariza-Nieto Cornell University, Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Ithaca, New York, USA
epiWELL, LLC, Ithaca, New York, USA

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Joshua B Alley Donald Guthrie Foundation for Education and Research, Guthrie Clinic, Sayre, Pennsylvania, USA

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Sanjay Samy Donald Guthrie Foundation for Education and Research, Guthrie Clinic, Sayre, Pennsylvania, USA

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Laura Fitzgerald Donald Guthrie Foundation for Education and Research, Guthrie Clinic, Sayre, Pennsylvania, USA

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Francoise Vermeylen Cornell University, Cornell Statistical Consulting Unit, Ithaca, New York, USA

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Michael L Shuler Cornell University, Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Ithaca, New York, USA

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José O Alemán New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA

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Introduction Adiponectin (Adp) is a peptide hormone expressed primarily in adipose tissue ( 1 ), which shows paradoxical decreased secretion as adiposity increases ( 2 ). Plasma adiponectin levels in human are not always necessarily

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Fabian Eichelmann Department of Epidemiology, Nutrition, Immunity and Metabolism Start-up Lab, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany

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Cornelia Weikert Department of Food Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment
Institute for Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité University Medical Center, Berlin, Germany

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Romina di Giuseppe Institute of Epidemiology, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany

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Ronald Biemann Department for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany

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Berend Isermann Department for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany

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Matthias B Schulze Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany
German Center of Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany

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Heiner Boeing Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany

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Krasimira Aleksandrova Department of Epidemiology, Nutrition, Immunity and Metabolism Start-up Lab, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany

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receptor ChemR23 ( 1 ). It is secreted in an inactive form as prochemerin and is activated through cleavage of the C-terminus by inflammatory and coagulation serine proteases. Animal studies indicated visceral adipose tissue, placenta and liver, and to a

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Martijn J J Finken Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Aleid J G Wirix Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Ines A von Rosenstiel-Jadoul Department of Pediatrics, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands

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Bibian van der Voorn Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Obesity Center CGG, Erasmus MC Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Mai J M Chinapaw Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Michaela F Hartmann Steroid Research and Mass Spectrometry Unit, Laboratory for Translational Hormone Analytics, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany

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Joana E Kist-van Holthe Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Stefan A Wudy Steroid Research and Mass Spectrometry Unit, Laboratory for Translational Hormone Analytics, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany

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Joost Rotteveel Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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gains in BMI and waist circumference ( 13 ). The need for glucocorticoids in the tissues is regulated by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) isozymes. Cortisol is generated from inert cortisone by 11β-HSD type 1 in the liver and adipose tissue

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Angelica Amorim Amato Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA

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Hailey Brit Wheeler Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA

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Bruce Blumberg Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California, USA

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risk later in life ( 16 ). On a physiopathological basis, obesity is defined as an abnormal or excessive accumulation of adipose tissue that presents a health risk ( 24 ). It has long been acknowledged that fat distribution rather than its total

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V Kenan Çelik Department of Biochemistry, Cumhuriyet University School of Medicine, Sivas, Turkey

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Sercan Kapancık Department of Biochemistry, Cumhuriyet University School of Medicine, Sivas, Turkey

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Turgut Kaçan Department of Medical Oncology, High Specialized Education and Research Hospital, Bursa, Turkey

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Selen Baloglu Kaçan Department of Internal Medicine, Afyonkarahisar State Hospital, Afyon, Turkey

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Serkan Kapancık Department of Biochemistry, Cumhuriyet University School of Medicine, Sivas, Turkey

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Hasan Kılıçgün Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Health Science Faculty, University of Erzincan, Erzincan, Turkey

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glial astrocytes ( 21 ). Figure 1 The pathway of polyamine synthesis. ADC, Arginine decarboxylase; ODC, Ornithine decarboxylase; SPDS, Spermidine synthase; SPMS, Spermine synthase. Studies on adipose tissue related to polyamines have

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Esben S Lauritzen The Medical Research Laboratories, Institute of Clinical Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark

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Nikolaj Rittig The Medical Research Laboratories, Institute of Clinical Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark

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Ermina Bach The Medical Research Laboratories, Institute of Clinical Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark

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Niels Møller The Medical Research Laboratories, Institute of Clinical Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark

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Mette Bjerre The Medical Research Laboratories, Institute of Clinical Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark

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fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis ( 3 , 4 , 5 ). FGF21 is predominantly produced in the liver ( 6 ) where it is regulated by the transcription factor PPARα ( 3 , 5 , 7 ), but also in the white adipose tissue and skeletal muscle where it is

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Jie Shi Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Zhen Yang Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Yixin Niu Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Weiwei Zhang Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Ning Lin Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Xiaoyong Li Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Hongmei Zhang Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Hongxia Gu Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Jie Wen Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Guang Ning Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Li Qin Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Qing Su Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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study. First, we could not quantify the thigh muscle mass, intermuscular adipose tissue, and subcutaneous fat accumulation by more accurate radiographic measures owing to limitations of epidemiological screening conditions. Therefore, the amount and size

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Anru Wang Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Xueqin Yan Department of Pediatrics, Boai Hospital of Zhongshan, Zhongshan, China

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Cai Zhang Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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Caiqi Du Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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Wenjun Long Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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Di Zhan Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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Xiaoping Luo Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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/paracrine signaling ( 14 , 21 ). FGF1 has originally detected expression in rodents and human adipose tissue ( 22 , 23 ). Furthermore, FGF1-knockout mice developed severe hyperglycemia and IR accompanied by elevated inflammation in the adipose tissue when challenged

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