B Shahida
B Shahida
Department of Clinical Sciences, Genomics, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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P Sahlstrand Johnson
P Sahlstrand Johnson
Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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R Jain
R Jain
Department of Clinical Sciences, Genomics, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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H Brorson
H Brorson
Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
Department of Plastic Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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Department of Plastic Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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P Åsman
P Åsman
Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Ophthalmology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
Department of Ophthalmology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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Department of Ophthalmology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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M Lantz
M Lantz
Department of Clinical Sciences, Genomics, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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T Planck
T Planck
Department of Clinical Sciences, Genomics, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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as an autoantigen and is expressed by both preadipocytes and adipocytes in orbital tissue ( 1 , 2 ) as well as in the thyroid. Other autoantigens, such as the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) receptor have been suggested to be involved in the
Sheila Leone
Sheila Leone
Department of Pharmacy, G. d’Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
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Lucia Recinella
Lucia Recinella
Department of Pharmacy, G. d’Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
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Annalisa Chiavaroli
Annalisa Chiavaroli
Department of Pharmacy, G. d’Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
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Claudio Ferrante
Claudio Ferrante
Department of Pharmacy, G. d’Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
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Giustino Orlando
Giustino Orlando
Department of Pharmacy, G. d’Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
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Michele Vacca
Michele Vacca
Department of Pharmacy, G. d’Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
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Roberto Salvatori
Roberto Salvatori
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Luigi Brunetti
Luigi Brunetti
Department of Pharmacy, G. d’Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
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Introduction Growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone (GHRH), GH and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), in addition to their recognised metabolic and endocrine effects, play a pivotal role in brain functions ( 1 , 2 ). Serum GH and IGF-1
Jin Kyu Oh
Jin Kyu Oh
Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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Young Jae Im
Young Jae Im
Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Kwanjin Park
Kwanjin Park
Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Jae-Seung Paick
Jae-Seung Paick
Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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underlying molecular mechanisms have not been described, the GH–insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) axis is a proactive mediator of the actions of testosterone and its potent derivative dihydrotestosterone. Accordingly, stimulation of IGF1 signalling
Pinaki Dutta
Pinaki Dutta
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Bhuvanesh Mahendran
Bhuvanesh Mahendran
Department of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, Cardiology, Hematology, Histopathology, Gastroenterology, Neurosurgery, Pharmacology, Radiodiagnosis, 4th Floor, F Block, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Nehru Hospital, Chandigarh 160012, India
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K Shrinivas Reddy
K Shrinivas Reddy
Department of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, Cardiology, Hematology, Histopathology, Gastroenterology, Neurosurgery, Pharmacology, Radiodiagnosis, 4th Floor, F Block, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Nehru Hospital, Chandigarh 160012, India
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Jasmina Ahluwalia
Jasmina Ahluwalia
Department of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, Cardiology, Hematology, Histopathology, Gastroenterology, Neurosurgery, Pharmacology, Radiodiagnosis, 4th Floor, F Block, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Nehru Hospital, Chandigarh 160012, India
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Kim Vaiphei
Kim Vaiphei
Department of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, Cardiology, Hematology, Histopathology, Gastroenterology, Neurosurgery, Pharmacology, Radiodiagnosis, 4th Floor, F Block, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Nehru Hospital, Chandigarh 160012, India
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Rakesh K Kochhar
Rakesh K Kochhar
Department of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, Cardiology, Hematology, Histopathology, Gastroenterology, Neurosurgery, Pharmacology, Radiodiagnosis, 4th Floor, F Block, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Nehru Hospital, Chandigarh 160012, India
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Prakamya Gupta
Prakamya Gupta
Department of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, Cardiology, Hematology, Histopathology, Gastroenterology, Neurosurgery, Pharmacology, Radiodiagnosis, 4th Floor, F Block, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Nehru Hospital, Chandigarh 160012, India
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Anand Srinivasan
Anand Srinivasan
Department of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, Cardiology, Hematology, Histopathology, Gastroenterology, Neurosurgery, Pharmacology, Radiodiagnosis, 4th Floor, F Block, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Nehru Hospital, Chandigarh 160012, India
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Mahesh Prakash
Mahesh Prakash
Department of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, Cardiology, Hematology, Histopathology, Gastroenterology, Neurosurgery, Pharmacology, Radiodiagnosis, 4th Floor, F Block, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Nehru Hospital, Chandigarh 160012, India
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Kanchan Kumar Mukherjee
Kanchan Kumar Mukherjee
Department of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, Cardiology, Hematology, Histopathology, Gastroenterology, Neurosurgery, Pharmacology, Radiodiagnosis, 4th Floor, F Block, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Nehru Hospital, Chandigarh 160012, India
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Viral N Shah
Viral N Shah
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Girish Parthan
Girish Parthan
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Anil Bhansali
Anil Bhansali
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and or radiotherapy at our institution. After treatment, patients who had suppressible GH OGTT (<1 ng/ml) were subjected to insulin-induced hypoglycemia (IIH). GHD was defined as peak GH level ≤3 ng/ml during IIH and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1
Guillem Cuatrecasas
Guillem Cuatrecasas
Endocrinology Department, Hospital Quiron-Teknon, CPEN S.L., Barcelona, Spain
Universitat Oberta Catalunya (UOC), Barcelona, Spain
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Universitat Oberta Catalunya (UOC), Barcelona, Spain
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Hatice Kumru
Hatice Kumru
Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació Adscrit a la UAB, Barcelona, Spain
Univ Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
Fundació Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Spain
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Univ Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
Fundació Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Spain
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M Josep Coves
M Josep Coves
Endocrinology Department, Hospital Quiron-Teknon, CPEN S.L., Barcelona, Spain
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Joan Vidal
Joan Vidal
Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació Adscrit a la UAB, Barcelona, Spain
Univ Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
Fundació Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Spain
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Univ Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
Fundació Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Spain
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cause (43.7%). Male/female ratio stands at 3.9/1, tetraplegia (cervical lesions) accounts for 38.5% of the cases and complete injuries affect 56.7% of the patients ( 6 ). As known, GH mediates its action mainly on the liver acting through IGF1
Dan Liang
Dan Liang
Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Han Chen
Han Chen
Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Li-Yong Zhong
Li-Yong Zhong
Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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/mL). Impairment to growth hormone–insulin-like growth factor-1 (GH/IGF1): children with growth retardation or adults with obvious hypometabolic syndrome had IGF1 levels below 2 s.d. than their peers and had additional pituitary hormone deficiencies. Impairment
Patrizia Bruzzi
Patrizia Bruzzi
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences of Mothers, Children and Adults, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, Paediatric Unit, Modena, Italy
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Silvia Vannelli
Silvia Vannelli
Pediatric Endocrinologic Unit, Regina Margherita Children’s Hospital, Turin, Italy
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Emanuela Scarano
Emanuela Scarano
Unit of Pediatrics, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Policlinico St. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Natascia Di Iorgi
Natascia Di Iorgi
Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
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Maria Parpagnoli
Maria Parpagnoli
Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
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MariaCarolina Salerno
MariaCarolina Salerno
Department of Translational Medicine, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Marco Pitea
Marco Pitea
Pediatric Unit, Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
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Maria Elisabeth Street
Maria Elisabeth Street
Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Paediatrics, Department of Mother and Child-AUSL of Reggio Emilia-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
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Andrea Secco
Andrea Secco
Pediatric Unit, Azienda ospedaliero Nazionale SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy
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Adolfo Andrea Trettene
Adolfo Andrea Trettene
Pediatric Unit, ASST Sette Laghi, Varese, Italy
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Malgorzata Wasniewska
Malgorzata Wasniewska
Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Nicola Corciulo
Nicola Corciulo
Pediatric Unit, P.O. Gallipoli, ASL Lecce, Italy
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Gianluca Tornese
Gianluca Tornese
Institute for maternal and child health IRCCS Burlo Garofalo, Trieste, Italy
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Maria Felicia Faienza
Maria Felicia Faienza
DAI Scienze Chirurgiche e Pediatriche, Ospedale Pediatrico Giovanni XXIII, Bari, Italy
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Maurizio Delvecchio
Maurizio Delvecchio
U.O. Malattie Metaboliche e Genetiche e Diabetologia, Ospedale Pediatrico Giovanni XXIII, Bari, Italy
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Simona Filomena Madeo
Simona Filomena Madeo
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences of Mothers, Children and Adults, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, Paediatric Unit, Modena, Italy
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Lorenzo Iughetti
Lorenzo Iughetti
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences of Mothers, Children and Adults, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, Paediatric Unit, Modena, Italy
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verified and collected at each study time. All patients were submitted to rhGH treatment according to the Italian Agency for Drugs guidelines ( 25 ). Biochemical analysis Fasting glucose, insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) values were
Imane Benabbad
Imane Benabbad
Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Eli Lilly, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France
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Myriam Rosilio
Myriam Rosilio
Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Eli Lilly, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France
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Maité Tauber
Maité Tauber
Department Endocrine, Bone Diseases, Genetics, Obesity, and Gynecology Unit, Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, Toulouse, France
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Emmanuel Paris
Emmanuel Paris
BioClinica, Lyon, France
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Anne Paulsen
Anne Paulsen
Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Universitaire Robert-Debré, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, and Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Paris, France
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Lovisa Berggren
Lovisa Berggren
Eli Lilly and Company, Bad Homburg, Germany
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Hiren Patel
Hiren Patel
Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Jean-Claude Carel
Jean-Claude Carel
Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Universitaire Robert-Debré, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, and Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Paris, France
Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Universitaire Robert-Debré, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, and Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Paris, France
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Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Universitaire Robert-Debré, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, and Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Paris, France
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the Phoenix Study Group
the Phoenix Study Group
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( 17 ) and confirmed by a centralised bone age reading. Patients were excluded if they had GH deficiency (defined as peak GH ≤20 IU/L in each of two stimulation tests), had insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I SDS >3, were born small for gestational age
Mônica R Gadelha
Mônica R Gadelha
Endocrine Unit, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Feng Gu
Feng Gu
Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
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Marcello D Bronstein
Marcello D Bronstein
Neuroendocrine Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
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Thierry C Brue
Thierry C Brue
Aix-Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Marseille Medical Genetics, and Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Endocrinology, Hôpital de la Conception, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l’Hypophyse, Marseille, France
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Maria Fleseriu
Maria Fleseriu
Northwest Pituitary Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Ilan Shimon
Ilan Shimon
Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rabin Medical Center, and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Petah-Tiqva, Israel
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Aart J van der Lely
Aart J van der Lely
Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Shoba Ravichandran
Shoba Ravichandran
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
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Albert Kandra
Albert Kandra
Recordati AG, Basel, Switzerland
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Alberto M Pedroncelli
Alberto M Pedroncelli
Recordati AG, Basel, Switzerland
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Annamaria A L Colao
Annamaria A L Colao
Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
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Introduction Acromegaly is a chronic endocrine disorder typically caused by a benign tumor of the pituitary gland ( 1 ), which hypersecretes growth hormone (GH) with subsequent secretion of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). Long
Yuanyuan Li
Yuanyuan Li
Department of Endocrinology, Inner Mongolia People’s Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
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Dongmei Li
Dongmei Li
Department of Endocrinology, Inner Mongolia People’s Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
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Xingbo Cheng
Xingbo Cheng
Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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metabolism through insulin signalling-related pathways. hPL can stimulate insulin-like growth factor (IGF), insulin, adrenocortical hormone and pulmonary surfactant (PS) and enhance the acquisition of glucose and amino acid in the foetus to facilitate its
