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  • stimulated thyroglobulin x
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Lauren E Henke Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA

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John D Pfeifer Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA

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Thomas J Baranski Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA

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Todd DeWees Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA

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Perry W Grigsby Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
Division of Nuclear Medicine, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA

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consisted of physical examination and laboratory studies, including thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine and free thyroxine for all patients, with the addition of thyroglobulin levels in the latter years of the study. Table 1 Patient

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Yun Cai Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Jieni Yan Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Yong Gu Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Heng Chen Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Yang Chen Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Xinyu Xu Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Mei Zhang Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Liping Yu Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA

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Xuqin Zheng Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Tao Yang Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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of the presence of circulating autoantibodies such as thyrotropin receptor autoantibodies (TRAb), thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies (TPOAb) and thyroglobulin autoantibodies (TGAb). TRAb occurs predominantly in GD and plays a key role in Graves

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Dorte Glintborg Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Katrine Hass Rubin OPEN – Odense Patient data Explorative Network, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark and Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Mads Nybo Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Bo Abrahamsen OPEN – Odense Patient data Explorative Network, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark and Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Department of Medicine, Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk, Denmark

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Marianne Andersen Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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of thyroiditis. Some authors suggested that higher LH levels in PCOS could stimulate thyroid growth and increase the risk of goiter ( 11 ), but data from small clinical studies were conflicting ( 12 , 13 ). In our recent register-based study, Danish

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Waleed K W Al-Badri Orbital center Amsterdam, Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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Hinke Marijke Jellema Orbital center Amsterdam, Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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Arnaud R G G Potvin Orbital center Amsterdam, Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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Ruth M A van Nispen Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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Peter H Bisschop Department of Endocrinology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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Peerooz Saeed Orbital center Amsterdam, Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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increased levels of free thyroid hormones and reduced levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), GD is characterized by elevated serum thyrotropin receptor antibodies (TRAb) and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb). In the 1990s, multiple studies

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Qiankai Jin Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China

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Guoqing Huang Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China

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Xiaoqing Tian Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China

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Yimeng Shu Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China

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Ximisinuer Tusongtuoheti Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China

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Yushan Mao Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China

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between THs and MetS in the euthyroid population is still controversial. A survey of 20,053 euthyroid Korean adults found that neither serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) nor free thyroxine (FT4) was significantly associated with MetS ( 6 ). Mehran et

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Jaafar Jaafar Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland

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Eugenio Fernandez Department of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland

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Heba Alwan Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland

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Jacques Philippe Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland

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surface of stimulated T cells (in the thymus, lymph nodes and spleen), B cells (spleen) and myeloid cells ( 2 ). In 1998, Nishimura et al . found that PD-1 is involved in the negative regulation of particular aspects of B cell proliferation and

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Athanasios Zervas Endocrine Unit, Athens Medical Centre, Athens, Greece

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George Chrousos Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, and UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, ‘Aghia Sophia’ Children’s Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Sarantis Livadas Endocrine Unit, Athens Medical Centre, Athens, Greece

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genetic causes of dyshormonogenesis include mutations in thyroglobulin (TG), thyroperoxidase (TPO), dual oxidase 2 (DUOX2) and its accessory protein (DUOXA2), the sodium-iodide symporter (SLC5A5), pendrin (SLC26A4), and iodotyrosine deiodinase ( 22

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Bilal B Mughal CNRS/UMR7221, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France

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Jean-Baptiste Fini CNRS/UMR7221, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France

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Barbara A Demeneix CNRS/UMR7221, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France

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in female mice ( 136 ). In vitro assays have confirmed TCS to act as an estrogen agonist using ERα and ERβ reporter gene assays ( 137 , 138 , 139 ) stimulate breast and ovarian cancer cell growth in vitro ( 140 , 141 ) and magnifying the

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