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David J F Smith Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK

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Hemanth Prabhudev Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK

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Sirazum Choudhury Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
Department of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK

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Karim Meeran Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
Department of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK

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which treatment with supraphysiological doses of exogenous steroid is required. The aim of glucocorticoid replacement therapy in adrenal failure is to reverse the deficiency using only physiological doses of steroids. Reproducing the diurnal cortisol

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-17-0257
Volume/Issue:
Volume 6: Issue 8
Open access
Ditte Sofie Dahl Sørensen Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jesper Krogh Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Åse Krogh Rasmussen Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Mikkel Andreassen Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Introduction Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a group of autosomal recessive disorders caused by enzyme defects in the steroid biosynthesis of the adrenal cortex. In approximately 95% of cases, the disorder is caused by a pathogenic

Article Type:
Research Article
Collections:
Adrenal
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-22-0143
Volume/Issue:
Volume 11: Issue 7
Open access
Martin Zweifel Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland

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Beat Thürlimann Breast Centre St. Gallen, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland

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Salome Riniker Breast Centre St. Gallen, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland

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Patrik Weder Breast Centre St. Gallen, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland

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Roger von Moos Kantonsspital Graubünden, Chur, Switzerland

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Olivia Pagani Istituto Oncologico della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland

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Martin Bigler SAKK Coordinating Centre, Bern, Switzerland

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Karin M Rothgiesser SAKK Coordinating Centre, Bern, Switzerland

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Christiane Pilop SAKK Coordinating Centre, Bern, Switzerland

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Hanne Hawle SAKK Coordinating Centre, Bern, Switzerland

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Peter Brauchli SAKK Coordinating Centre, Bern, Switzerland

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Coya Tapia Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

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Wolfgang Schoenfeld CURADIS GmbH, Erlangen, Germany

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Cristiana Sessa Istituto Oncologico della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland

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for the Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research (SAKK)
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androgen receptor (AR) modulators (SARMs) rather than testosterone may be used to treat AR-positive BC. CR1447 (4-hydroxytestosterone (4-OHT)) is a steroidal small molecule with two distinct properties, acting as a steroidal aromatase inhibitor (AI) and

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-17-0174
Volume/Issue:
Volume 6: Issue 7
Open access
Stefan Riedl Division of Pediatric Pulmology, Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Department of Pediatrics, St. Anna Kinderspital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

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Friedrich-Wilhelm Röhl Department of Biometrics, Otto von Guericke Universität Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany

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Walter Bonfig Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Wels-Grieskirchen, Wels, Austria

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Jürgen Brämswig Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Endocrinology, Westfälische Wilhelmsuniversität Münster, Münster, Germany

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Annette Richter-Unruh Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Endocrinology, Westfälische Wilhelmsuniversität Münster, Münster, Germany

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Susanne Fricke-Otto Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Endocrinology, Helios Klinikum Krefeld, Krefeld, Germany

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Markus Bettendorf Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

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Felix Riepe Pediatric Endocrinology, Kronshagen, Kiel, Germany

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Gernot Kriegshäuser Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, General Hospital Steyr, Steyr, Austria

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Eckhard Schönau Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Endocrinology, Universität zu Köln, Cologne, Germany

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Gertrud Even Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Endocrinology, Universität zu Köln, Cologne, Germany

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Berthold Hauffa Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

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Helmuth-Günther Dörr Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Endocrinology, Friedrich Alexander Universität Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany

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Reinhard W Holl Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry (ZIBMT), University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany

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Klaus Mohnike Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Endocrinology, Otto von Guericke Universität Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany

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the AQUAPE CAH Study Group
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Introduction Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH; incidence 1 in 10–15,000) due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21-OH) ( CYP21A2 ; OMIM 201910) is an autosomal recessive disorder resulting in a deficient production of the steroid hormones

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-18-0281
Volume/Issue:
Volume 8: Issue 2
Open access
Eva Novoa Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Clinic of Endocrinology, Head and Neck Surgery

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Marcel Gärtner Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Clinic of Endocrinology, Head and Neck Surgery

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Christoph Henzen Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Clinic of Endocrinology, Head and Neck Surgery

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large multicentre study comparing the efficacy of intratympanic vs systemic steroid therapy demonstrated the same level of hearing improvement between the two groups (9) . However, for the time being, there is no consensus regarding the dose and

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-14-0076
Volume/Issue:
Volume 3: Issue 3
Open access
Veronica Kieffer
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Kate Davies University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, NHS Grampian, Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Salford Royal Hospitals Foundation Trust, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, The London Clinic, Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, LE1 5WW, UK

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Christine Gibson University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, NHS Grampian, Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Salford Royal Hospitals Foundation Trust, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, The London Clinic, Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, LE1 5WW, UK

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Morag Middleton University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, NHS Grampian, Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Salford Royal Hospitals Foundation Trust, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, The London Clinic, Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, LE1 5WW, UK

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Jean Munday University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, NHS Grampian, Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Salford Royal Hospitals Foundation Trust, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, The London Clinic, Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, LE1 5WW, UK

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Shashana Shalet University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, NHS Grampian, Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Salford Royal Hospitals Foundation Trust, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, The London Clinic, Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, LE1 5WW, UK

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Lisa Shepherd University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, NHS Grampian, Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Salford Royal Hospitals Foundation Trust, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, The London Clinic, Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, LE1 5WW, UK

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Phillip Yeoh University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, NHS Grampian, Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Salford Royal Hospitals Foundation Trust, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, The London Clinic, Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, LE1 5WW, UK

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ovary syndrome. Competency 11 : Steroid replacement therapy for disorders of the pituitary and adrenal glands. Competency 12 : Thyroid disease. Competency 13 : Transition. Competency 1 Acromegaly. Competent Proficient Expert As competent plus As

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-14-0134
Volume/Issue:
Volume 4: Issue 1
Open access
Robert I Menzies The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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Xin Zhao The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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Linda J Mullins The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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John J Mullins The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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Carolynn Cairns The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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Nicola Wrobel The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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Donald R Dunbar The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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Matthew A Bailey The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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Christopher J Kenyon The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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, 5 ). As steroid hormones are synthesised on demand, the availability of intramitochondrial cholesterol initiates steroidogenesis by providing substrate for the first rate-limiting enzyme in the steroidogenic pathway ( 6 ). Long-term exposure to ACTH

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-17-0092
Volume/Issue:
Volume 6: Issue 7
Open access
Chenjia Tang Department of Endocrinology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China

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Yanting Dong Department of Endocrinology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
Department of Endocrinology, Suichang County Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lishui, China

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Lusi Lu Department of Endocrinology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China

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Nan Zhang Department of Endocrinology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China

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evidence-based researches were insufficient ( 3 ). Several studies have focused on the optimal doses of steroids ( 8 , 9 , 10 ). Some scholars have recommended an initial treatment with lower doses of prednisolone daily ( 8 , 9 ). One study has shown

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-21-0212
Volume/Issue:
Volume 10: Issue 8
Open access
Lachlan Angus Department of Medicine (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia

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Shalem Leemaqz Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia

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Olivia Ooi Department of Medicine (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia

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Pauline Cundill Equinox Gender Diverse Clinic, Thorne Harbour Health, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia

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Nicholas Silberstein Equinox Gender Diverse Clinic, Thorne Harbour Health, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia

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Peter Locke Equinox Gender Diverse Clinic, Thorne Harbour Health, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia

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Jeffrey D Zajac Department of Medicine (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia

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Ada S Cheung Department of Medicine (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia

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oestradiol as feminising gender-affirming hormone therapy ( 3 ). Goals of therapy are generally to increase serum oestradiol concentrations and lower serum total testosterone concentrations to achieve sex steroid concentrations in the female reference range

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-19-0272
Volume/Issue:
Volume 8: Issue 7
Open access
Legh Wilkinson Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa

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Nicolette J D Verhoog Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa

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Ann Louw Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa

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, 21 ) (e.g. BrdU incorporation lymphocyte steroid sensitivity assay (BLISS) and measuring the GC-responsive gene expression) are required to determine the GC responsiveness of specific tissues and/or cells. Although GC response can be determined, an

Article Type:
Review Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-18-0421
Volume/Issue:
Volume 7: Issue 12
Open access