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Martin Bidlingmaier Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, LMU Klinikum, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany

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Helena Gleeson Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK

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Ana-Claudia Latronico Department of Internal Medicine, Discipline of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Sao Paulo Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Martin O Savage Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK

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syndromic CPP that was associated with multiple abnormalities ( 28 ). This subgroup underwent methylation analysis of candidate regions, chromosomal microarray analysis and, in a small subset, whole-exome sequencing. Rare genetic abnormalities, including

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Barbara J Boucher The Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK

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Costello P Cleal J Gestational vitamin D supplementation leads to reduced perinatal RXRA DNA methylation: results from the MAVIDOS trial . Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2019 34 231 – 240 . ( https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.3603 ) 29 Krishnaveni

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Wenjun Long Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China

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Tuo Zhou Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China

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Xiuping Xuan Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China

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Qiuli Cao Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China

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Zuojie Luo Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China

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Yingfen Qin Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China

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Qin Ning Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China

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Xiaoping Luo Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China

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Xuemei Xie Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China

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-resistant phenotype through DNA methylation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α in rats . Pediatric Research 2015 77 625 – 632 . ( https://doi.org/10.1038/pr.2015.32 ) 17 Liu W Singh R Choi CS Lee HY Keramati AR Samuel VT

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Zhou Zheng Department of Medical Laboratory, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China

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Xiuming Zhang Department of Medical Laboratory, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China

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Fanggui Wu Department of Reproductive Medicine, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China

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Haizhen Liao Department of Reproductive Medicine, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China

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Huan Zhao Department of Reproductive Medicine, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China

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Minqi Zhang Department of Reproductive Medicine, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China

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Shangjie Liu Department of Reproductive Medicine, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China

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glucose metabolism and disturbed adipokine expression has adverse effects on endometrial methylation, resulting in decreased endometrial tolerance and therefore increased incidence of infertility and miscarriages ( 48 ). In addition, a combination of age

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M Guftar Shaikh Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK
Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

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Timothy G Barrett Department of Endocrinology, Birmingham Womens and Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, UK
Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Nicola Bridges Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK

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Robin Chung Research Working Group, Prader-Willi Syndrome Association, Northampton, UK

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Evelien F Gevers Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Barts Health NHS Trust, Royal London Hospital, London, UK
Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London Medical School, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK

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Anthony P Goldstone PsychoNeuroEndocrinologyResearch Group, Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK

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Anthony Holland Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

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Shankar Kanumakala Royal Alexandra Children’s Hospital, Brighton, UK

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Ruth Krone Department of Endocrinology, Birmingham Womens and Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, UK

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Andreas Kyriakou Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK
Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Makarios Children's Hospital, Nicosia, Cyprus

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E Anne Livesey Royal Alexandra Children’s Hospital, Brighton, UK
Sussex Community NHS Trust, Brighton, UK

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Angela K Lucas-Herald Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK
Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

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Christina Meade CHI at Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Republic of Ireland

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Susan Passmore Prader-Willi Syndrome Association, Northampton, UK

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Edna Roche CHI at Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
The University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland

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Chris Smith Royal Alexandra Children’s Hospital, Brighton, UK

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Sarita Soni Learning Disability Psychiatry, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK

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with up to 50% of mUPD in children presenting now, possibly due to increased maternal ages ( 17 , 18 ). In suspected cases, specific PWS genetic analysis should be requested, with genetic analysis initially assessing the methylation pattern of the

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Angelica Amorim Amato Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA

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Hailey Brit Wheeler Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA

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Bruce Blumberg Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California, USA

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. Instead, large regions of DNA where methylation was all in the same direction were identified. These iso-directional differentially methylated blocks were denoted as isoDMBs ( 102 ). It was hypothesized that the transgenerational phenotype was carried

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Wenrui Wang Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China

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Chuan Zhang Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China

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multiple cellular stressors induces epigenetic changes that can disrupt cellular function and trigger β-cell dedifferentiation. DNA methylation, histone modification, and noncoding RNA (ncRNA)-mediated gene regulation are examples of epigenetic mechanisms

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Bilal B Mughal CNRS/UMR7221, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France

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Jean-Baptiste Fini CNRS/UMR7221, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France

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Barbara A Demeneix CNRS/UMR7221, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France

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and cognitive development ( 86 ). BPA exposure also causes epigenetic changes (methylation) on the ER-α gene in the cortex and hypothalamus of male and female mice and alters mRNA levels of DNA methyltransferases DNMT1 and DNMT3A ( 78 , 87

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