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Department of Public Health, Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Department of Medical Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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Hans Christian Andersen Children’s Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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Introduction High blood pressure (BP) increases cardiovascular risk and constitutes one of the primary modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease ( 1 ). Elevated BP in childhood increases the risk of prehypertension and hypertension in
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and above, childhood obesity is characterized as a body mass index (BMI) over the 97th sex- and age-related reference percentile ( 3 ). In individuals with childhood obesity, health-related quality of life (QoL) is impaired ( 4 , 5 ) and pivotal
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very early diagnosis in children with pubertal disorders. In 2016, we reported the case of an asymptomatic girl, who was carrying an MKRN3 mutation that was detected in childhood and was followed until the development of pubertal signs ( 35 ). The
Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes for Children, Bicêtre Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
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APHP, Plateforme d’Expertise Maladies Rares Paris Sud, Bicêtre Paris Sud Hospital, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
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APHP, Plateforme d’Expertise Maladies Rares Paris Sud, Bicêtre Paris Sud Hospital, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
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APHP, Plateforme d’Expertise Maladies Rares Paris Sud, Bicêtre Paris Sud Hospital, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
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). The resulting hypercortisolism causes considerable morbidity in childhood and adolescence, predominantly affecting growth and pubertal development ( 1 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ). The diagnosis is often delayed by at least 2 years after the first
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. ( https://doi.org/10.1186/s13052-018-0478-9 ) 14 Dos Santos TJ Martos-Moreno GÁ Muñoz-Calvo MT Pozo J Rodríguez-Artalejo F & Argente J . Clinical management of childhood hyperthyroidism with and without Down syndrome: a longitudinal study
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Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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differences ( 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ). Sexual dimorphism in HPA-axis activity has been suggested to be already present in early childhood. A recent meta-analysis suggested that boys and girls differed in basal HPA-axis activity, as assessed by salivary
Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
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Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands
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complex situations (action-oriented) ( 9 ). It is thus not surprising that the increasing ability to regulate emotions in childhood is associated with adaptive outcomes in multiple domains, including school readiness ( 10 ), better social skills ( 11
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early childhood, and factors that are related to certain metabolic diseases in adulthood ( 5 ). Several epidemiologic studies have reported that short adult height in the normal population is associated with adverse outcomes, including hypertension
Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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missed in early childhood, we limited the analysis to those boys operated before the age of three ( 23 ). In this subanalysis, the age at operation had declined from 24.5 ± 5.4 months in boys operated between 2004 and 2007 to 13.7 ± 5.3 months in those
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Academic Centre for Growth, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
Dutch Growth Research Foundation, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Diabeter, National Diabetes Care and Research Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Department of Paediatrics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Academic Centre for Growth, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Introduction Improved diagnostics and treatment options have increased the life expectancy of children with genetic and/or congenital disorders ( 1 ). As a result, more and more patients with childhood-onset chronic conditions are making the