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Huixing Liu Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Daoquan Peng Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Talukdar S Heine M Fischer AW Krott LM Nilsson SK Brenner MB Heeren J Scheja L . FGF21 lowers plasma triglycerides by accelerating lipoprotein catabolism in white and brown adipose tissues . Cell Metabolism 2016 23 441 – 453 . ( https

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A Daniel Bird Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Spencer Greatorex Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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David Reser Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Gareth G Lavery Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, 2nd Floor IBR Tower, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK

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Timothy J Cole Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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provided by the enzyme hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PDH) for activity. 11βHSD1 is expressed widely in metabolic tissues such as liver, muscle, adipose and kidney, and also in many specific regions of the brain ( 5 ). In contrast, 11βHSD2, encoded by

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Jiayang Lin Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Peizhen Zhang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Yan Huang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Xueyun Wei Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Dan Guo Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Jianfang Liu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Deying Liu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Yajuan Deng Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Bingyan Xu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Chensihan Huang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Xiaoyu Yang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Yan Lu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Lijing Jia Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China

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Huijie Zhang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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has dominant effects on thermogenesis through TRα that is expressed in the skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, whereas it impacts on lipid metabolism through TRβ that is mainly expressed in the liver ( 2 , 3 , 4 ). It is well established that thyroid

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Maki Igarashi Medical Support Center for Japan Environmental and Children’s Study, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan

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Tadayuki Ayabe Medical Support Center for Japan Environmental and Children’s Study, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan

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Kiwako Yamamoto-Hanada Medical Support Center for Japan Environmental and Children’s Study, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan

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Keiko Matsubara Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan

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Hatoko Sasaki Medical Support Center for Japan Environmental and Children’s Study, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan

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Mayako Saito-Abe Medical Support Center for Japan Environmental and Children’s Study, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan

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Miori Sato Medical Support Center for Japan Environmental and Children’s Study, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan

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Nathan Mise Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan

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Akihiko Ikegami Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan

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Masayuki Shimono Regional Center for Pilot Study of Japan Environment and Children’s Study, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan

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Reiko Suga Regional Center for Pilot Study of Japan Environment and Children’s Study, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan

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Shouichi Ohga Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
Research Center for Environment and Developmental Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan

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Masafumi Sanefuji Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
Research Center for Environment and Developmental Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan

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Masako Oda Department of Public Health, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan

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Hiroshi Mitsubuchi Department of Neonatology, Kumamoto University Hospital, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan

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Takehiro Michikawa Japan Environment and Children’s Study Programme Office, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

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Shin Yamazaki Japan Environment and Children’s Study Programme Office, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

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Shoji Nakayama Japan Environment and Children’s Study Programme Office, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

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Yukihiro Ohya Medical Support Center for Japan Environmental and Children’s Study, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan

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Maki Fukami Medical Support Center for Japan Environmental and Children’s Study, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan

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). However, it is possible that other CYP19A1 -expressing tissues, such as the skin, adipose tissues, and bone ( 8 ) also contribute to the aromatization of circulating testosterone in young girls. FSH levels were slightly higher in girls than in boys

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Lei Lei Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China

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Yi-Hua Bai Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China

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Hong-Ying Jiang Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China

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Ting He Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China

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Meng Li Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China

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Jia-Ping Wang Department of Radiology, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China

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, extracellular matrix structural constituent, and protein tyrosine kinase activity. One study shows that in peripheral tissues, such as muscle, liver, and adipose tissue, the extracellular matrix and integrins are the key regulators of insulin action, which

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Felix Reschke Auf Der Bult Children’s Hospital, Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Clinical Research, Hannover, Germany

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Torben Biester Auf Der Bult Children’s Hospital, Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Clinical Research, Hannover, Germany

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Thekla von dem Berge Auf Der Bult Children’s Hospital, Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Clinical Research, Hannover, Germany

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Dagmar Jamiolkowski Auf Der Bult Children’s Hospital, Department of Paediatric Dermatology, Hannover, Germany

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Laura Hasse Auf Der Bult Children’s Hospital, Department of Paediatric Dermatology, Hannover, Germany

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Francesca Dassie Padua University Hospital, Clinica Medica 3, Department of Medicine (DIMED), Padova, Veneto, Italy

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Pietro Maffei Padua University Hospital, Clinica Medica 3, Department of Medicine (DIMED), Padova, Veneto, Italy

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Katharina Klee Auf Der Bult Children’s Hospital, Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Clinical Research, Hannover, Germany

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Olga Kordonouri Auf Der Bult Children’s Hospital, Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Clinical Research, Hannover, Germany

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Hagen Ott Auf Der Bult Children’s Hospital, Department of Paediatric Dermatology, Hannover, Germany

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Thomas Danne Auf Der Bult Children’s Hospital, Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Clinical Research, Hannover, Germany

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rare, circumscribed adipose tissue dystrophy (usually atrophy, very rarely hypertrophy) represents a characteristic side effect in insulin injection sites. An immunological reaction within the adipose tissue is assumed, although clinical signs of

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L Ahlkvist
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K Brown Department of Clinical Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Biomedical Center, C11, Lund University, SE 22184 Lund, Sweden

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B Ahrén
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Megia A Macias-Gonzalez M Fernandez Real J Jimenez-Gomez Y Escote X Pachon G . Study of the potential association of adipose tissue GLP-1 receptor with obesity and insulin resistance . Endocrinology 2011 152 4072 – 4079 . ( doi:10

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David Koeckerling Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

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Jeremy W Tomlinson Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

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Jeremy F Cobbold Oxford Liver Unit, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK

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S Suh JM Reilly SM Yu E Osborn O Lackey D Yoshihara E Perino A Jacinto S Lukasheva Y , Intestinal FXR agonism promotes adipose tissue browning and reduces obesity and insulin resistance . Nature Medicine 2015 21 159 – 165

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Chiara Mele Division of Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
Division of General Medicine, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, S. Giuseppe Hospital, Piancavallo di Oggebbio (VB), Italy

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Maria Teresa Samà Division of Endocrinology, University Hospital ‘Maggiore della Carità’, Novara, Italy

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Alessandro Angelo Bisoffi Division of Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy

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Marina Caputo Division of Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy

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Valentina Bullara Division of Endocrinology, University Hospital ‘Maggiore della Carità’, Novara, Italy

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Stefania Mai Laboratory of Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, S. Giuseppe Hospital, Piancavallo di Oggebbio (VB), Italy

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Gillian Elisabeth Walker Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy

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Flavia Prodam Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy

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Paolo Marzullo Division of Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
Division of General Medicine, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, S. Giuseppe Hospital, Piancavallo di Oggebbio (VB), Italy

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Gianluca Aimaretti Division of Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy

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Loredana Pagano Division of Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy

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pathways involved in tumour development ( 33 ). Adipokines are a subset of cytokines produced by the adipose tissue ( 34 ). They are involved not only in immune responses, but also in the regulation of appetite and energy balance, insulin sensitivity

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Yanfei Chen Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China

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Mei Li Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China

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Binrong Liao Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China

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Jingzi Zhong Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China

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Dan Lan Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China

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modulation of adipose tissue or through other ways remains to be further clarified. In conclusion, our preliminary study suggests that serum irisin levels increased in girls with CPP and PT, but it is not a reliable biomarker to distinguish patients with

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