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Talukdar S Heine M Fischer AW Krott LM Nilsson SK Brenner MB Heeren J Scheja L . FGF21 lowers plasma triglycerides by accelerating lipoprotein catabolism in white and brown adipose tissues . Cell Metabolism 2016 23 441 – 453 . ( https
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Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
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provided by the enzyme hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PDH) for activity. 11βHSD1 is expressed widely in metabolic tissues such as liver, muscle, adipose and kidney, and also in many specific regions of the brain ( 5 ). In contrast, 11βHSD2, encoded by
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has dominant effects on thermogenesis through TRα that is expressed in the skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, whereas it impacts on lipid metabolism through TRβ that is mainly expressed in the liver ( 2 , 3 , 4 ). It is well established that thyroid
Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
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Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
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Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
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). However, it is possible that other CYP19A1 -expressing tissues, such as the skin, adipose tissues, and bone ( 8 ) also contribute to the aromatization of circulating testosterone in young girls. FSH levels were slightly higher in girls than in boys
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, extracellular matrix structural constituent, and protein tyrosine kinase activity. One study shows that in peripheral tissues, such as muscle, liver, and adipose tissue, the extracellular matrix and integrins are the key regulators of insulin action, which
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rare, circumscribed adipose tissue dystrophy (usually atrophy, very rarely hypertrophy) represents a characteristic side effect in insulin injection sites. An immunological reaction within the adipose tissue is assumed, although clinical signs of
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Megia A Macias-Gonzalez M Fernandez Real J Jimenez-Gomez Y Escote X Pachon G . Study of the potential association of adipose tissue GLP-1 receptor with obesity and insulin resistance . Endocrinology 2011 152 4072 – 4079 . ( doi:10
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S Suh JM Reilly SM Yu E Osborn O Lackey D Yoshihara E Perino A Jacinto S Lukasheva Y , Intestinal FXR agonism promotes adipose tissue browning and reduces obesity and insulin resistance . Nature Medicine 2015 21 159 – 165
Division of General Medicine, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, S. Giuseppe Hospital, Piancavallo di Oggebbio (VB), Italy
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Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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pathways involved in tumour development ( 33 ). Adipokines are a subset of cytokines produced by the adipose tissue ( 34 ). They are involved not only in immune responses, but also in the regulation of appetite and energy balance, insulin sensitivity
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modulation of adipose tissue or through other ways remains to be further clarified. In conclusion, our preliminary study suggests that serum irisin levels increased in girls with CPP and PT, but it is not a reliable biomarker to distinguish patients with