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) . Osteoporosis is common in women with breast cancer who receive chemotherapy, hormone therapy, or surgical castration, because these treatments induce bone loss (8) . Atkinson et al . (9) reported that prepubertal children with lymphoblastic leukemia who
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arm of the RAS has been found in several cancers such as lung, prostate, cervical and breast cancer ( 10 ). Epidemiological evidence also supports the proposal that the RAS is involved in neoplasia. Suppression of the RAS for hypertension treatment
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is yet to be elucidated. Incretins have shown to inhibit growth and enhance apoptosis of cancer cells through inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway for some cell lines of breast ( 17 ), colon cancer ( 18 ) and ovarian cancer ( 19 ). Thus, understating of
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-converted OSCC cell lines expressing high levels of PD-L1 at both protein and mRNA levels were capable of inducing T‐cell apoptosis to a greater extent when compared to the original epithelial type tumour cells ( 44 ). In breast cancer cell lines, EMT-mediated PD
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been observed in a growing number of human cancers, such as breast cancer, multiple myeloma, head and neck tumors and both ovarian and prostate cancers ( 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ). Nothing is known about the role of STAT3 in pNEN. CRP and STAT3 may be part
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Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital & Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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vitro studies in other cancer types have demonstrated high levels of IGFBP-3 in cancer cells, with IGFBP-3 stimulating breast cancer growth and being a poor prognostic marker for breast cancer patients ( 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 ). Thus, it is difficult to
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germ-cell neoplasia has not been observed more frequently in KS, only extra-gonadal GCTs derived from somatic cells are more frequent in KS ( 26 ). Based on KS prevalence among breast cancer patients, it is estimated that KS patients have a 50-fold
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). Unfortunately, different studies did not report a clear usefulness for such a treatment in thyroid cancer ( 49 ). Though, for a similar expected action on NIS, RA is under consideration for the treatment of breast cancer ( 50 ). RA can also modulate the
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biology interfaced with mathematical algorithms to facilitate interpretation have been developed for breast, lung and hematological malignancies ( 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 ). Therefore, a key unmet need that remains is the development of a clinically
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concentrations in other populations (23, 24, 25) . Consistent with a positive effect of the IGF1 rs7965399 C allele on IGF1, this allele was also associated with a trend towards higher IGF1 concentration in breast tumours (26) . Circulating IGF1 is also