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Keina Nishio Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki-city, Osaka 569-8686, Japan

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Akiko Tanabe Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki-city, Osaka 569-8686, Japan

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Risa Maruoka Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki-city, Osaka 569-8686, Japan

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Kiyoko Nakamura Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki-city, Osaka 569-8686, Japan

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Masaaki Takai Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki-city, Osaka 569-8686, Japan

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Tatsuharu Sekijima Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki-city, Osaka 569-8686, Japan

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Satoshi Tunetoh Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki-city, Osaka 569-8686, Japan

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Yoshito Terai Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki-city, Osaka 569-8686, Japan

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Masahide Ohmichi Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki-city, Osaka 569-8686, Japan

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) . Osteoporosis is common in women with breast cancer who receive chemotherapy, hormone therapy, or surgical castration, because these treatments induce bone loss (8) . Atkinson et al . (9) reported that prepubertal children with lymphoblastic leukemia who

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Kirsty G Pringle School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia

Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia

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Sarah J Delforce School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia

Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia

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Yu Wang School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia

Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia

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Katie A Ashton School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia

Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia

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Anthony Proietto Hunter Centre for Gynaecological Cancer, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia

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Geoffrey Otton Hunter Centre for Gynaecological Cancer, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia

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C Caroline Blackwell School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia

Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia

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Rodney J Scott School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia

Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
Division of Molecular Medicine, Pathology North, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia

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Eugenie R Lumbers School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia

Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia

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arm of the RAS has been found in several cancers such as lung, prostate, cervical and breast cancer ( 10 ). Epidemiological evidence also supports the proposal that the RAS is involved in neoplasia. Suppression of the RAS for hypertension treatment

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Agnieszka Kosowska Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland

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Enrique Gallego-Colon Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland

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Wojciech Garczorz Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland

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Agnieszka Kłych-Ratuszny Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland

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Mohammad Reza F Aghdam Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland

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Michał Woz´niak Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland

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Andrzej Witek Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland

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Agnieszka Wróblewska-Czech Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland

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Anna Cygal Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland

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Jerzy Wojnar Department of Internal Medicine and Oncological Chemotherapy, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland

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Tomasz Francuz Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland

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is yet to be elucidated. Incretins have shown to inhibit growth and enhance apoptosis of cancer cells through inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway for some cell lines of breast ( 17 ), colon cancer ( 18 ) and ovarian cancer ( 19 ). Thus, understating of

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Marra Jai Aghajani Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia

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Tao Yang School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
Saint Vincent’s Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
SydPath, Saint Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, Australia

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Ulf Schmitz Computational BioMedicine Laboratory Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
Faculty of Medicine & Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia

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Alexander James Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia

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Charles Eugenio McCafferty Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia

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Paul de Souza Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia

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Navin Niles Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
Department of Head & Neck Surgery, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia

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Tara L Roberts Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
South West Sydney Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia

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-converted OSCC cell lines expressing high levels of PD-L1 at both protein and mRNA levels were capable of inducing T‐cell apoptosis to a greater extent when compared to the original epithelial type tumour cells ( 44 ). In breast cancer cell lines, EMT-mediated PD

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Simon Schimmack European Pancreas Center, Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany

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Yongchao Yang European Pancreas Center, Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China

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Klaus Felix European Pancreas Center, Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany

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Markus Herbst European Pancreas Center, Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany

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Yixiong Li Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China

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Miriam Schenk European Pancreas Center, Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany

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Frank Bergmann Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany

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Thilo Hackert European Pancreas Center, Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany

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Oliver Strobel European Pancreas Center, Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany

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been observed in a growing number of human cancers, such as breast cancer, multiple myeloma, head and neck tumors and both ovarian and prostate cancers ( 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ). Nothing is known about the role of STAT3 in pNEN. CRP and STAT3 may be part

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Vita Birzniece School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Blacktown Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
Garvan Institute of Medical Research, New South Wales, Australia
School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia

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Teresa Lam School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Blacktown Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Westmead Hospital, New South Wales, Australia

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Mark McLean School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Blacktown Hospital, New South Wales, Australia

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Navneeta Reddy Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Blacktown Hospital, New South Wales, Australia

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Haleh Shahidipour School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Blacktown Hospital, New South Wales, Australia

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Amy Hayden School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia
Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre, Westmead Hospital, New South Wales, Australia

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Howard Gurney Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre, Westmead Hospital, New South Wales, Australia

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Glenn Stone School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematics, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia

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Rikke Hjortebjerg Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital & Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital & Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Jan Frystyk Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital & Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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vitro studies in other cancer types have demonstrated high levels of IGFBP-3 in cancer cells, with IGFBP-3 stimulating breast cancer growth and being a poor prognostic marker for breast cancer patients ( 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 ). Thus, it is difficult to

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Lukas Ochsner Ridder Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine and Medical Research Laboratories, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Agnethe Berglund Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Clinical Genetics and Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Kirstine Stochholm Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine and Medical Research Laboratories, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Simon Chang Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine and Medical Research Laboratories, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Unit for Thrombosis Research, Hospital of South West Jutland and University of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark

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Claus H Gravholt Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine and Medical Research Laboratories, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Unit for Thrombosis Research, Hospital of South West Jutland and University of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark

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germ-cell neoplasia has not been observed more frequently in KS, only extra-gonadal GCTs derived from somatic cells are more frequent in KS ( 26 ). Based on KS prevalence among breast cancer patients, it is estimated that KS patients have a 50-fold

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J Brossaud Université de Bordeaux, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, Bordeaux, France
Department of Nuclear Medicine, CHU de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR1286, Bordeaux, France

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V Pallet Université de Bordeaux, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, Bordeaux, France
INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR1286, Bordeaux, France

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J-B Corcuff Université de Bordeaux, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, Bordeaux, France
Department of Nuclear Medicine, CHU de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR1286, Bordeaux, France

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). Unfortunately, different studies did not report a clear usefulness for such a treatment in thyroid cancer ( 49 ). Though, for a similar expected action on NIS, RA is under consideration for the treatment of breast cancer ( 50 ). RA can also modulate the

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Kjell Oberg Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

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Eric Krenning Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands

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Anders Sundin Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

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Lisa Bodei Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA

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Mark Kidd Wren Laboratories, Branford, Connecticut, USA

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Margot Tesselaar Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands

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Valentina Ambrosini University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

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Richard P Baum Zentralklinik Bad Berka, Bad Berka, Germany

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Matthew Kulke Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Marianne Pavel Charite Hospital, Berlin, Germany

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Jaroslaw Cwikla University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland

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Ignat Drozdov Wren Laboratories, Branford, Connecticut, USA

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Massimo Falconi Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy

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Nicola Fazio IEO (European Institute of Oncology), Milan, Italy

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Andrea Frilling Imperial College London, London, UK

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Robert Jensen National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

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Klaus Koopmans Martini Ziekenhuis, Groningen, Netherlands

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Tiny Korse Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands

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Dik Kwekkeboom Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands

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Helmut Maecke University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

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Giovanni Paganelli Instituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Meldola, Italy

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Ramon Salazar Instituto Catala d’Oncologia, Barcelona, Spain

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Stefano Severi Instituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Meldola, Italy

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Jonathan Strosberg H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA

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Vikas Prasad Charite Hospital, Berlin, Germany

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Aldo Scarpa University of Verona, Verona, Italy

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Ashley Grossman Univeristy of Oxford, Oxford, UK

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Annemeik Walenkamp University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands

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Mauro Cives H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA

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Irene Virgolini Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria

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Andreas Kjaer Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Irvin M Modlin Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA

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biology interfaced with mathematical algorithms to facilitate interpretation have been developed for breast, lung and hematological malignancies ( 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 ). Therefore, a key unmet need that remains is the development of a clinically

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K L Gatford School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia

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G K Heinemann School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia

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S D Thompson School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia

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J V Zhang School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia

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S Buckberry School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia

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J A Owens School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia

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G A Dekker School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia

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C T Roberts School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia

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on behalf of the SCOPE Consortium School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia

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concentrations in other populations (23, 24, 25) . Consistent with a positive effect of the IGF1 rs7965399 C allele on IGF1, this allele was also associated with a trend towards higher IGF1 concentration in breast tumours (26) . Circulating IGF1 is also

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