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Alessandra Gambineri Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, St Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Alma Mater University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

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Carla Pelusi Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, St Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Alma Mater University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

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) ( 1 ). The term sex is used to primarily indicate biological differences and the term gender predominantly describes the psychosocial differences between sexes. Sex differences between women and men include differences in sex hormones and their effects

Article Type:
Review Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-18-0450
Volume/Issue:
Volume 8: Issue 1
Open access
Stefano Mangiola Bioinformatics Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
Department of Urology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

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Ryan Stuchbery Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

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Patrick McCoy Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
Department of Urology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

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Ken Chow Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
Department of Urology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

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Natalie Kurganovs Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre Epworth, Richmond, Victoria, Australia
Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada
Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada

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Michael Kerger Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre Epworth, Richmond, Victoria, Australia

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Anthony Papenfuss Bioinformatics Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Christopher M Hovens Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
Department of Urology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

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Niall M Corcoran Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
Department of Urology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
Department of Urology, Frankston Hospital, Frankston, Victoria, Australia

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60°C for 20 s. Expression levels of target genes were normalised to the geometric mean of GAPDH (Hs00266705_g1, Applied Biosystems), TBP (Hs00427621_m1, Applied Biosystems) and POLR2A (Hs00427621_m1, Applied Biosystems) using the formula 2 −ΔC

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-19-0029
Volume/Issue:
Volume 8: Issue 5
Open access
Xiao Zong Department of Vascular & Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Institution of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Qin Fan Department of Vascular & Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Institution of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Hang Zhang Department of Vascular & Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Institution of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Qian Yang Department of Vascular & Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Institution of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Hongyang Xie Department of Vascular & Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Institution of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Qiujing Chen Institution of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Ruiyan Zhang Department of Vascular & Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Rong Tao Department of Vascular & Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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circumference (WC) was adopted as a factor that is more suitable for the Chinese population. Criteria of MetS were as follows ( 15 ): (i) Central obesity: WC ≥ 90 cm in men or ≥ 80 cm in women; (ii) TG ≥ 1.7 mmol/L or treatment of this lipid abnormality; (iii

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-20-0645
Volume/Issue:
Volume 10: Issue 3
Open access
Hauke Thomsen Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
GeneWerk GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany

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Xinjun Li Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden

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Kristina Sundquist Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
Departments of Family Medicine and Community Health, Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
Center for Community-based Healthcare Research and Education (CoHRE), Department of Functional Pathology, School of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan

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Jan Sundquist Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
Departments of Family Medicine and Community Health, Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
Center for Community-based Healthcare Research and Education (CoHRE), Department of Functional Pathology, School of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan

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Asta Försti Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
Hopp Children’s Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany

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Kari Hemminki Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Center in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Pilsen, Czech Republic

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autoantibodies ( 4 , 5 ). AD is part of the rare juvenile APS-1, which is usually diagnosed before age 15 years and is caused by recessive mutations in the autoimmune regulatory gene (AIRE) ( 4 , 5 ). The more common adult-onset APS-2 is defined through co

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-20-0328
Volume/Issue:
Volume 9: Issue 11
Open access
Jakob Kirkegård Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
Department of Surgery (Section for Upper Gastrointestinal and Hepatico-Pancreatico-Biliary Surgery), Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark

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Dora Körmendiné Farkas Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark

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Jens Otto Lunde Jørgensen Department of Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark

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Deirdre P Cronin-Fenton Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark

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Introduction Iodothyronines secreted from the thyroid gland – in particular triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) – are vital to the regulation of genes associated with cell metabolism and cell growth ( 1 ). Hyperthyroidism and

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-18-0258
Volume/Issue:
Volume 7: Issue 11
Open access
Yael Sofer Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

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Nava Nevo Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

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Michal Vechoropoulos Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

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Gabi Shefer Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

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Etty Osher Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

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Nathan Landis Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

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Karen Tordjman
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Geoffrey L Hammond Departments of Cellular & Physiological Sciences and Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

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Naftali Stern Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

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levels and HbA1c ( 11 , 13 ). Hypoandrogenism in men and hyperandrogenism in women (e.g., the polycystic ovary syndrome) have been linked to insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome ( 13 , 14 ). In one report, SHBG levels predicted the development

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-17-0240
Volume/Issue:
Volume 7: Issue 1
Open access
B C M Hermans Department of Pulmonary Diseases, GROW School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands

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J L Derks Department of Pulmonary Diseases, GROW School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands

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H J M Groen Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University of Groningen and University Medical Centre, Groningen, The Netherlands

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J A Stigt Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Isala Hospital, Zwolle, The Netherlands

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R J van Suylen Pathology-DNA, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, ‘s Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands

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L M Hillen Department of Pathology, GROW School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands

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E C van den Broek PALGA Foundation, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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E J M Speel Department of Pathology, GROW School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands

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A-M C Dingemans Department of Pulmonary Diseases, GROW School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands

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/or KEAP1 genes and retained pRB protein expression (non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC)-like) ( 7 , 8 ). In addition, a LCNEC subtype with lower Ki-67 PI was identified having a MEN1 mutation and, more recently, a study showed overlapping molecular

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-19-0372
Volume/Issue:
Volume 8: Issue 12
Open access
Dmitry M Davydov Laboratory of Neuroimmunopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia

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Malik K Nurbekov Laboratory of Sociogenomics, Moscow State Pedagogical University, Moscow, Russia

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for Sex; confirmed by bootstrap 95% CI: 0.01–0.15). Women with DRD2/ANKK1 gene A2A2 genotype and men with DRD2/ANKK1 A1 allele had higher odds to survive to older age (F(1,157) = 4.37, P = 0.038; η 2 = 0.03; confirmed by bootstrap 95% CI: 0

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-16-0009
Volume/Issue:
Volume 5: Issue 2
Open access
Lena-Maria Levin Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

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Henry Völzke Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Greifswald, Germany
DZD (German Center for Diabetes Research), Greifswald, Germany

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Markus M Lerch Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

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Jens-Peter Kühn Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
Institute and Policlinic for Radiology and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital, Carl-Gustav-Carus University Dresden, Dresden, Germany

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Matthias Nauck Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Greifswald, Germany

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Nele Friedrich Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Greifswald, Germany

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Stephanie Zylla Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Greifswald, Germany

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more often never smokers and consumed less alcohol than men. With respect to metabolic syndrome-related parameters, women showed lower concentrations of total triglycerides, HbA1c, glucose, blood pressure as well as a smaller waist circumference and a

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-19-0300
Volume/Issue:
Volume 8: Issue 8
Open access
Sophie-Charlotte Drogge Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

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Mirjam Frank Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

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Carolin Girschik Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

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Karl-Heinz Jöckel Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

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Dagmar Führer-Sakel Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

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Börge Schmidt Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

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study participants were women ( Table 1 ). The mean (± s.d. ) age of the main analysis population was 59.7 ± 7.8 years. The median TSH value in this main analysis population was 1.26 mIU/L (interquartile range: 0.83–1.84). Men and women did not differ

Article Type:
Research Article
Collections:
Thyroid
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-22-0127
Volume/Issue:
Volume 12: Issue 2
Open access