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Karolien Van De Maele Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, KidZ Health Castle, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium

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Jean De Schepper Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, KidZ Health Castle, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium

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Jesse Vanbesien Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, KidZ Health Castle, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium

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Monique Van Helvoirt Zeepreventorium, De Haan, Belgium

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Ann De Guchtenaere Zeepreventorium, De Haan, Belgium

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Inge Gies Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, KidZ Health Castle, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium

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Diagnostics). The metabolic syndrome was defined by the IDF standards (based on waist circumference, blood pressure, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol and glucose level) ( 19 ). The adolescents were categorized in different obesity stages according to the

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Josef Köhrle Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

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classical topics such as ‘Pituitary and Hypothalamus’, ‘Thyroid’, ‘Reproduction’, ‘Adrenal Hormones’, ‘Bone and Mineral Metabolism’, ‘Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes’, ‘Cardiovascular Endocrinology’ and ‘Hormones and Cancer’. These leading experts and their

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Valeria Hirschler University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Claudia Molinari University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Silvia Lapertosa UNNE, Corrientes, Argentina

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Gustavo Maccallini Hidalgo Laboratories, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Claudio D Gonzalez CEMIC, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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circumference identify children with the metabolic syndrome? Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 2005 159 740 – 744 . ( https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.159.8.740 ) 9 Freedman DS Serdula MK Sat Srinivasan SR Berenson GS . Relation

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Janaína Felix Braga Department of Physiology and Biophysics, National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

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Daniela Ravizzoni Dartora Cardiology Institute of Rio Grande do Sul/University Foundation of Cardiology (IC/FUC), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

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Natalia Alenina Max-Delbruck Center of Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany

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Michael Bader Cardiology Institute of Rio Grande do Sul/University Foundation of Cardiology (IC/FUC), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

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Robson Augusto Souza Santos Department of Physiology and Biophysics, National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Cardiology Institute of Rio Grande do Sul/University Foundation of Cardiology (IC/FUC), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

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the pathophysiology of diabetes and metabolic syndrome ( 2 ). In the past few years, our understanding of the role of the heptapeptide angiotensin(1–7) has been extended to include other organs and systems well beyond the heart, vessels and the

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Sarah Byberg Department of Medical Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jesper Futtrup Panum Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Mikkel Andreassen Department of Medical Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jesper Krogh Department of Medical Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Unclear Yes Unclear No 3 Patients receiving hypoglycemic agents at baseline were excluded. One patient had diabetes, 13 patients with metabolic syndrome Docknic 2002 (30) Unclear Unclear Yes Yes Yes Unclear Yes 4 52% of

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Angela Köninger Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

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Antonella Iannaccone Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

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Ensar Hajder Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

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Mirjam Frank Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

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Boerge Schmidt Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

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Ekkehard Schleussner Department of Obstetrics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany

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Rainer Kimmig Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

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Alexandra Gellhaus Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

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Hans Dieplinger Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria

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). PCOS is also associated with several comorbidities resulting in long-term sequelae ( 4 ) like insulin resistance (IR) ( 5 ), obesity ( 6 ) and metabolic syndrome ( 7 ). Although metabolic parameters are not included in the diagnostic criteria, they

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Volha V Zhukouskaya APHP, Reference Center for Rare Disorders of the Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, FilièreOSCAR and Platform of Expertise for Rare Diseases Paris-Saclay, Bicêtre Paris-Saclay Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy

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Anya Rothenbuhler APHP, Reference Center for Rare Disorders of the Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, FilièreOSCAR and Platform of Expertise for Rare Diseases Paris-Saclay, Bicêtre Paris-Saclay Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
APHP, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology for Children, Bicêtre Paris Saclay Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France

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Annamaria Colao Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy

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Carolina Di Somma Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
IRCCS SDN, Naples, Italy

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Peter Kamenický APHP, Reference Center for Rare Disorders of the Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, FilièreOSCAR and Platform of Expertise for Rare Diseases Paris-Saclay, Bicêtre Paris-Saclay Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
APHP, Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Diseases, Bicêtre Paris-Saclay Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
Paris Sud – Paris Saclay University, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France

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Séverine Trabado Paris Sud – Paris Saclay University, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
APHP, Department of Molecular Genetics, Pharmacogenetics and Hormonology, Bicêtre Paris-Saclay Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France

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Dominique Prié Université Paris V, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
Hôpital Necker EnfantsMalades APHP, INSERM U1151, Paris, France

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Christelle Audrain APHP, Reference Center for Rare Disorders of the Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, FilièreOSCAR and Platform of Expertise for Rare Diseases Paris-Saclay, Bicêtre Paris-Saclay Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France

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Anna Barosi APHP, Reference Center for Rare Disorders of the Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, FilièreOSCAR and Platform of Expertise for Rare Diseases Paris-Saclay, Bicêtre Paris-Saclay Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France

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Christèle Kyheng APHP, Department of Adolescent Medicine, Bicêtre Paris Saclay Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France

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Anne-Sophie Lambert APHP, Reference Center for Rare Disorders of the Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, FilièreOSCAR and Platform of Expertise for Rare Diseases Paris-Saclay, Bicêtre Paris-Saclay Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
APHP, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology for Children, Bicêtre Paris Saclay Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
APHP, Department of Adolescent Medicine, Bicêtre Paris Saclay Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France

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Agnès Linglart APHP, Reference Center for Rare Disorders of the Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, FilièreOSCAR and Platform of Expertise for Rare Diseases Paris-Saclay, Bicêtre Paris-Saclay Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
APHP, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology for Children, Bicêtre Paris Saclay Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
Paris Sud – Paris Saclay University, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France

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hypothesized that low phosphorus intake may be involved in the progression of weight gain and metabolic syndrome ( 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ). Today, a growing body of scientific evidence shows an inverse relationship between serum phosphate

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Agnieszka Adamska Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland

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Aleksandra Maria Polak Department of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland

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Anna Krentowska Department of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland

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Agnieszka Łebkowska Department of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland

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Justyna Hryniewicka Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland

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Monika Leśniewska Department of Reproduction and Gynecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland

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Irina Kowalska Department of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland

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-sectional studies have demonstrated that the frequency of NAFLD is increased in women with PCOS, independent of overweight/obesity and other coexisting metabolic syndrome features ( 5 , 21 , 22 ). Additionally, it has been presented that PCOS women with NAFLD are

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Rongpeng Gong Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining, People’s Republic of China

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Yuanyuan Liu Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining, People’s Republic of China

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Gang Luo Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining, People’s Republic of China

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Jiahui Yin College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China

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Zuomiao Xiao Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, Ganzhou, China

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Tianyang Hu Precision Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China

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number of studies have shown that IR is the main pathophysiological factor in the development of the metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases ( 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ). Meanwhile, people with IR have a higher risk of death. In an 18.9-year prospective

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Simon Chang Unit for Thrombosis Research, Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hospital of South West Jutland, Esbjerg, Denmark
Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Internal Medicine, Lillebaelt Hospital, Kolding, Denmark

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Arkadiusz J Goszczak NanoSYD, The Mads Clausen Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Sønderborg, Denmark

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Anne Skakkebæk Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Jens Fedder Centre of Andrology and Fertility Clinic, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Anders Bojesen Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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M Vakur Bor Unit for Thrombosis Research, Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hospital of South West Jutland, Esbjerg, Denmark

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Moniek P M de Maat Unit for Thrombosis Research, Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hospital of South West Jutland, Esbjerg, Denmark
Department of Haematology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Claus H Gravholt Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Anna-Marie B Münster Unit for Thrombosis Research, Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hospital of South West Jutland, Esbjerg, Denmark

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.1 nmol/L, and the working range was 0.2–100 nmol/L with a coefficient of variation of <10%. Body fat was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) using a Hologic QDR2000/w osteodensitometer (Hologic, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). Metabolic syndrome

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