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Pernille Bækgaard Udesen The Fertility Clinic, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Zealand University Hospital, Køge, Denmark
Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark

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Dorte Glintborg Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Anja Elaine Sørensen Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark

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Rikke Svendsen Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark

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Nanna Louise Skov Nielsen Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
Department of Clinical Immunology, Næstved Hospital, Næstved, Denmark

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Marie Louise Muff Wissing Aleris Hamlet Hospital Group, The Fertility Clinic, Søborg, Denmark

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Marianne Skovsager Andersen Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Anne Lis Mikkelsen Englund The Fertility Clinic, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Zealand University Hospital, Køge, Denmark

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Louise Torp Dalgaard Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark

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-sensitive tissues of obese patients ( 10 , 11 ) and in patients with T2D ( 12 , 13 , 14 ). The role of miRNAs in metabolism and diabetes is quite complex ( 15 ) and involves many different tissues for example, liver, beta-cells, white and brown adipose tissue, as

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Svjatoslavs Kistkins Pauls Stradiņš Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia

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Othmar Moser Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, Institute of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany

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Vitālijs Ankudovičs Pauls Stradiņš Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia

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Dmitrijs Blizņuks Institute of Smart Computing Technologies, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia

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Timurs Mihailovs Institute of Smart Computing Technologies, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia

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Sergejs Lobanovs Pauls Stradiņš Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia

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Harald Sourij Trials Unit for Interdisciplinary Metabolic Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetolgoy, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

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Andreas F H Pfeiffer Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Medicine, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine, Hindenburgdamm, Berlin, Germany

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Valdis Pīrāgs Pauls Stradiņš Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia

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complications such as cardiovascular diseases, stroke, and certain types of cancer ( 6 ). From a pathophysiological point of view, an excessive white adipose tissue mass is linked to increased insulin resistance, aggravating age-dependent risk of T2D and

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Maria Houborg Petersen Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Jacob Volmer Stidsen Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Martin Eisemann de Almeida Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Emil Kleis Wentorf Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Kurt Jensen Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Niels Ørtenblad Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Kurt Højlund Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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lipotoxicity in pancreatic beta-cells, resulting in reduced beta-cell function ( 35 ). Recently, endurance exercise training in healthy males was shown to improve adipose tissue insulin sensitivity measured as the product of fasting insulin and FFA levels ( 36

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Kirsty G Pringle School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia

Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia

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Sarah J Delforce School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia

Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia

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Yu Wang School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia

Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia

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Katie A Ashton School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia

Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia

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Anthony Proietto Hunter Centre for Gynaecological Cancer, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia

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Geoffrey Otton Hunter Centre for Gynaecological Cancer, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia

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C Caroline Blackwell School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia

Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia

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Rodney J Scott School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia

Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
Division of Molecular Medicine, Pathology North, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia

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Eugenie R Lumbers School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia

Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia

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medroxyprogesterone acetate, estradiol 17B and cAMP ( 9 ). Plasma AGT is mainly produced by the liver, but there is evidence that adipose tissue AGT enters the circulation ( 27 ). AGT is a large molecule of 452 amino acids. It is the specific substrate for renin

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Xingrong Tan Department of Endocrinology, 9th People’s Hospital of Chongqing, Beibei City, Chongqong, China

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Wenjing Hu Chongqing Prevention and Treatment Hospital for Occupational Diseases, Chongqing, China

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Shan Yang Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China

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Han Dai Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China

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Shangcheng Xu Chongqing Prevention and Treatment Hospital for Occupational Diseases, Chongqing, China

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Gangyi Yang Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China

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Ling Li Department of Endocrinology, 9th People’s Hospital of Chongqing, Beibei City, Chongqong, China

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Shiguo Tang Department of Endocrinology, 9th People’s Hospital of Chongqing, Beibei City, Chongqong, China

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Yi Wang Department of Endocrinology, 9th People’s Hospital of Chongqing, Beibei City, Chongqong, China

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and metabolic disorders ( 15 , 16 , 17 ). Like the classical adipokine adiponectin, ZAG is considered a type of adipokine and mainly expressed in s.c. and abdominal adipose tissue. Circulating ZAG levels are decreased in patients with T2DM ( 15

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Chunliang Yang Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
The Center for Biomedical Research, Tongji Hospital Research Building, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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Junyi Li Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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Fei Sun The Center for Biomedical Research, Tongji Hospital Research Building, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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Haifeng Zhou Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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Jia Yang Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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Chao Yang Department of Gerontology, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Wuhan, China

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islet β cells or a decline of insulin sensitivity in downstream organs, including liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Hyperglycemia can also result from inappropriately high endogenous glucose production either via glycogenolysis or

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Yunyi Ding Department of Nephrology, Hangzhou TCM Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China

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Siyao Lv Department of Gastroenterology, Hangzhou TCM Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China

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Ruijie Xie Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

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Wei Ye Department of Gastroenterology, Hangzhou TCM Hospital, Hangzhou, China

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Yichen Luo School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China

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Yayu Li Department of Nephrology, Hangzhou TCM Hospital, Hangzhou, China

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adipose tissue distribution, rather than actual body fat, may play a more important role in all-cause mortality ( 20 , 21 ). While BMI is prevalently employed as a tool for the evaluation and classification of obesity, it harbors a significant limitation

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Ann-Kristin Picke Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany

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Graeme Campbell Institute of Biomechanics, TUHH Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany

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Nicola Napoli Diabetes and Bone Network, Department Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA

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Lorenz C Hofbauer Department of Medicine III & Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany

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Martina Rauner Department of Medicine III & Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany

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elusive. Studies in T2DM patients show controversial results. The vertebral bodies of type 2 diabetic men and postmenopausal women show a higher marrow adipose tissue (MAT) content compared to controls. MAT is negatively correlated with bone mineral

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H Vlaardingerbroek Department of Pediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Willem-Alexander Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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E L T van den Akker Department of Pediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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A C S Hokken-Koelega Department of Pediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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an important role. Neuroendocrine factors can be produced in various tissues, such as the liver, gut, adipose tissue, pancreas, and brain ( Fig. 1 ). These factors send signal through different pathways to the brain, mainly to the hypothalamus. In the

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Trevor Lewis Physiotherapy Department, Aintree University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK

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Eva Zeisig Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Umeå Univerisity, Umeå, Sweden

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Jamie E Gaida University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia

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exposure causes body-wide insulin resistance, the effect is tissue dependent and adipose tissue insulin sensitivity actually increases, which contributes to adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation ( 20 ). Similarly, glucocorticoid exposure

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