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Jakob Kirkegård Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
Department of Surgery (Section for Upper Gastrointestinal and Hepatico-Pancreatico-Biliary Surgery), Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark

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Dora Körmendiné Farkas Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark

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Jens Otto Lunde Jørgensen Department of Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark

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Deirdre P Cronin-Fenton Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark

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, 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ). When assessing the association of thyroid disease with rectal cancer risk, we ascertained information on the receipt of a colonoscopy with or without polyp removal after diagnosis of thyroid disease disregarding

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Yuan Fang Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Xuehong Zhang Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Huilin Xu Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Minhang District, Shanghai, China

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Stephanie A Smith-Warner Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Dongli Xu Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Minhang District, Shanghai, China

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Hong Fang Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Minhang District, Shanghai, China

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Wang Hong Xu Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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common cancer in men, followed by cancers of stomach, colon, prostate, liver, rectum, pancreas and thyroid. In women, breast cancer was the most common cancer, followed by cancer of lung, colon, thyroid, stomach, pancreas, rectum, cervix uteri and liver

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Dario de Biase Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie) – Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Azienda USL di Bologna, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

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Federica Torricelli Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale AUSL-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy

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Moira Ragazzi Pathology Unit, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale AUSL-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy

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Benedetta Donati Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale AUSL-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy

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Elisabetta Kuhn Pathology Unit, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale AUSL-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy

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Michela Visani Department of Medicine (Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale) – Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Azienda USL di Bologna, University of Bologna School of Medicine, Bologna, Italy

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Giorgia Acquaviva Department of Medicine (Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale) – Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Azienda USL di Bologna, University of Bologna School of Medicine, Bologna, Italy

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Annalisa Pession Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie) – Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Azienda USL di Bologna, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

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Giovanni Tallini Department of Medicine (Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale) – Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Azienda USL di Bologna, University of Bologna School of Medicine, Bologna, Italy

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Simonetta Piana Pathology Unit, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale AUSL-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy

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Alessia Ciarrocchi Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale AUSL-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy

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of thyroid cancer ( 3 ). It represents 1–2% of clinically recognized thyroid malignancies but it accounts for more than half of the deaths for thyroid cancer. Five-year survival rate for ATC patients is estimated below 1% and about 50% of ATC patients

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Rocío del Carmen Bravo-Miana Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Córdoba, Argentina
Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba (X5000HUA), Argentina

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Ana Belén Della Vedova Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Córdoba, Argentina
Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba (X5000HUA), Argentina

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Ana Lucía De Paul Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Córdoba, Argentina
Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA-CONICET), Av. Enrique Barros y Enfermera Gordillo, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina

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María Mónica Remedi Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Córdoba, Argentina
Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba (X5000HUA), Argentina

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María Laura Guantay Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Córdoba, Argentina
Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba (X5000HUA), Argentina

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Mónica Beatriz Gilardoni Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Córdoba, Argentina
Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba (X5000HUA), Argentina

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Claudia Gabriela Pellizas Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Córdoba, Argentina
Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba (X5000HUA), Argentina

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Ana Carolina Donadio Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Córdoba, Argentina
Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba (X5000HUA), Argentina

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described in EVs derived from multiple myeloma and breast cancer cell lines, as well as in EVs from plasma samples of multiple myeloma, metastatic breast cancer, colorectal carcinoma and other epithelial neoplasia patients ( 15 , 16 , 17 ). Thyroid

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Josephina G Kuiper PHARMO Institute for Drug Outcomes Research, AE Utrecht, Netherlands
Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands

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Aline C Fenneman Department of Clinical and Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands

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Anne H van der Spek Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands

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Elena Rampanelli Department of Clinical and Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands

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Max Nieuwdorp Department of Clinical and Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands

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Myrthe P P van Herk-Sukel Department of Internal Medicine and Dermatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands

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Valery E P P Lemmens Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organisation, Utrecht, Netherlands

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Ernst J Kuipers Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands

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Ron M C Herings PHARMO Institute for Drug Outcomes Research, AE Utrecht, Netherlands
Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands

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Eric Fliers Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands

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Salvatore D . Beta-catenin regulates deiodinase levels and thyroid hormone signaling in colon cancer cells . Gastroenterology 2012 143 1037 – 1047 . ( https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2012.06.042 ) 8 Ferlay J Colombet M Soerjomataram I Mathers

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Dongyan Han Department of Pathology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Min Ding Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Rongli Xie Department of General Surgery, RuiJin Hospital Lu Wan Branch, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Zhengshi Wang Thyroid Center, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Shanghai Center of Thyroid Diseases, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Guohui Xiao Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Xiaohong Wang Shanghai Rigen Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Shanghai, China

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Lei Dong Department of Pathology, Shanghai Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Zhiqiang Yin Thyroid Center, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Shanghai Center of Thyroid Diseases, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Jian Fei Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Research Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

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tool in evaluating and diagnosing thyroid nodules ( 5 ). A meta-analysis of 31 studies showed that ultrasonography alone does not accurately predict thyroid cancer ( 6 ). Ultrasonography can only determine the current growth status of the nodule and

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Ichelle Maa van Roessel Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, AB Utrecht, The Netherlands
Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, AB Utrecht, The Netherlands

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Boudewijn Bakker Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, AB Utrecht, The Netherlands
Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, AB Utrecht, The Netherlands

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Hanneke M van Santen Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, AB Utrecht, The Netherlands
Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, AB Utrecht, The Netherlands

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Wassim Chemaitilly Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, UPMC Children’s Hospitalof Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

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Introduction Endocrine disorders affect up to 60% of childhood cancer survivors (CCS) ( 1 ). Cancer, brain tumors and their treatments have been associated with a higher risk of deficiencies in growth hormone (GH), thyroid hormone and sex

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T P McVeigh Discipline of Surgery, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, School of Medicine, NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland

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R J Mulligan Discipline of Surgery, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, School of Medicine, NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland

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U M McVeigh Discipline of Surgery, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, School of Medicine, NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland

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P W Owens Discipline of Surgery, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, School of Medicine, NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland

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N Miller Discipline of Surgery, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, School of Medicine, NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland

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M Bell Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland

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F Sebag Department of Endocrine Surgery Centre hospitalo-universitaire de La Conception, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
Aix-Marseille Université, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France

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C Guerin Department of Endocrine Surgery Centre hospitalo-universitaire de La Conception, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
Aix-Marseille Université, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France

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D S Quill Discipline of Surgery, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, School of Medicine, NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland

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J B Weidhaas David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA

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M J Kerin Discipline of Surgery, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, School of Medicine, NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland

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A J Lowery Discipline of Surgery, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, School of Medicine, NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland

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remained ill-defined. A recent meta-analysis has revisited the possibility of such an association and has confirmed the existence of, and quantified the increased co-occurrence of breast and differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) ( 1 ). Both cancers occur

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Line Tang Møllehave Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark

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Marie Holm Eliasen Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark

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Ieva Strēle The Institute of Occupational Safety and Environmental Health, Riga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia

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Allan Linneberg Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Rodrigo Moreno-Reyes Nuclear Medicine Department, Erasme Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium

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Ludmila B Ivanova Faculty of Medicine, Sofia University St. Kl. Ohridski, Sofia, Bulgaria

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Zvonko Kusić Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Zagreb, Croatia
School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia

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Iris Erlund Department of Government Services, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland

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Till Ittermann Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

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Endre V Nagy Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

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Ingibjorg Gunnarsdottir Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
Department of Clinical Nutrition, Landspitali-National University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland

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Jonathan Eli Arbelle Division of Medicine, Maccabi Healthcare Services, Tel Aviv, Israel
Goldman School of Medicine, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel

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Aaron Milton Troen The Institute of Biochemistry Food Science and Nutrition, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel

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Valdis Pīrāgs Internal Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia

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Lisbeth Dahl Seafood, Nutrition and Environmental State, Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Bergen, Norway

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Alicja Hubalewska-Dydejczyk Chair and Department of Endocrinology, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Cracow, Poland

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Malgorzata Trofimiuk-Müldner Chair and Department of Endocrinology, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Cracow, Poland

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João Jacome de Castro Endocrine Department, Armed Forces Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal

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Mafalda Marcelino Endocrine Department, Armed Forces Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal

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Simona Gaberšček Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia

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Katja Zaltel Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia

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Manuel Puig-Domingo Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Germans Trias Research Institute and Hospital, Badalona, Spain
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

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Lluis Vila Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Hospital Moisés Broggi, Sant Juan Despi, Barcelona, Spain

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Sofia Manousou Sahlgrenska Academy, Institute of Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden
Frölunda Specialist Hospital, Västra Frölunda, Sweden

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Helena Filipsson Nyström Department of Endocrinology, Specialist Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Wallenberg Centre of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Michael Bruce Zimmermann Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

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Karen R Mullan Regional Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK

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Jayne Valerie Woodside Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK

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Henry Völzke Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

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Betina Heinsbæk Thuesen Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark

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-population, or data in 10-year age intervals. Specific diagnoses and treatments requested were: Diagnoses: Annual number of persons diagnosed with thyroid cancer (ICD-10: C73), congenital iodine-deficiency syndrome (ICD-10: E00), iodine

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June Young Choi Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Korea

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Jin Wook Yi Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital and College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Jun Hyup Lee Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital and College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Ra-Yeong Song Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital and College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Hyeongwon Yu Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Korea

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Hyungju Kwon Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital and College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Young Jun Chai Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Boramae Hospital, Seoul, Korea

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Su-jin Kim Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital and College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Kyu Eun Lee Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital and College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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malignant thyroid glands. Human VDR gene is located on chromosome 12q13.1 ( 9 ). In cancer cells, VDR expression is a response to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D) by decreasing proliferative activity in vitro . Izkhakov and coworkers reported that

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