Deirdre Green
Deirdre Green
Academic Department of Endocrinology, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin
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Rosemary Dineen
Rosemary Dineen
Academic Department of Endocrinology, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin
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Michael W O’Reilly
Michael W O’Reilly
Academic Department of Endocrinology, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin
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Mark Sherlock
Mark Sherlock
Academic Department of Endocrinology, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin
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affecting the normal structure and function of the adrenal gland, leading to a deficiency in glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid and adrenal androgens ( 2 ). Secondary adrenal insufficiency (SAI) occurs due to impairment of the hypothalamus
Filippo Ceccato
Filippo Ceccato
Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
Endocrine Disease Unit, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
Department of Neuroscience DNS, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Endocrine Disease Unit, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
Department of Neuroscience DNS, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Elisa Selmin
Elisa Selmin
Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Giorgia Antonelli
Giorgia Antonelli
Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
Laboratory Medicine, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Laboratory Medicine, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Mattia Barbot
Mattia Barbot
Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
Endocrine Disease Unit, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
Department of Neuroscience DNS, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Endocrine Disease Unit, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
Department of Neuroscience DNS, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Andrea Daniele
Andrea Daniele
Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Marco Boscaro
Marco Boscaro
Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Mario Plebani
Mario Plebani
Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
Laboratory Medicine, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Laboratory Medicine, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Carla Scaroni
Carla Scaroni
Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
Endocrine Disease Unit, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Endocrine Disease Unit, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Introduction The correct diagnosis of central adrenal insufficiency (AI) is a matter of debate ( 1 ), partly because an adequate glucocorticoid (GC) replacement therapy is life-saving, but inappropriate treatment is detrimental ( 2 , 3
Fiona Broughton Pipkin
Fiona Broughton Pipkin
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Nephrology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
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Hiten D Mistry
Hiten D Mistry
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Nephrology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
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Chandrima Roy
Chandrima Roy
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Nephrology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
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Bernhard Dick
Bernhard Dick
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Nephrology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
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Jason Waugh
Jason Waugh
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Nephrology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
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Rebecca Chikhi
Rebecca Chikhi
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Nephrology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
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Lesia O Kurlak
Lesia O Kurlak
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Nephrology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
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Markus G Mohaupt
Markus G Mohaupt
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Nephrology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
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feedback control of glucocorticoid maintenance and an association with metabolic syndrome (10, 11) . Little is known about steroid hormone availability and metabolism during the early postpartum period in infants. Fetal exposure to maternal cortisol is
Rachel K Rowe
Rachel K Rowe
Phoenix Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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Benjamin M Rumney
Benjamin M Rumney
BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, UK
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Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, UK
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Hazel G May
Hazel G May
BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, UK
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Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, UK
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Paska Permana
Paska Permana
Phoenix Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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P David Adelson
P David Adelson
BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
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Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
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S Mitchell Harman
S Mitchell Harman
Phoenix Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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Jonathan Lifshitz
Jonathan Lifshitz
Phoenix Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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Theresa C Thomas
Theresa C Thomas
Phoenix Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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feedback systems to glucocorticoids following TBI in the rat ( 33 ). Provocative testing, as accomplished in the rat by dexamethasone (DEX) administration followed by restraint stress, can be used to uncover damage to the HPE axis ( 33 , 35 ). The HPE axis
Karim Gariani
Karim Gariani
Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Therapeutic Patient Education, Geneva University Hospitals and Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
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François R Jornayvaz
François R Jornayvaz
Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Therapeutic Patient Education, Geneva University Hospitals and Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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an increased excretion of 5α-reduced steroids ( 83 ). The role of 5α-reductase is further discussed in the glucocorticoid excess section. Overall, women with PCOS show a high prevalence of NAFLD, even independently of obesity and dysglycemia
Kathrin R Frey
Kathrin R Frey
Department of Medicine I, Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Tina Kienitz
Tina Kienitz
Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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Julia Schulz
Julia Schulz
Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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Manfred Ventz
Manfred Ventz
Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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Kathrin Zopf
Kathrin Zopf
Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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Marcus Quinkler
Marcus Quinkler
Endocrinology in Charlottenburg, Berlin, Germany
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Introduction In states of adrenal insufficiency (AI), such as primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI) and congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), glucocorticoids (GCs) are given in low doses as hormone replacement therapy. However, the daily intake
Pernille H Hellmann
Pernille H Hellmann
Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Jonatan I Bagger
Jonatan I Bagger
Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
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Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
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Katrine R Carlander
Katrine R Carlander
Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
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Katrine B Hansen
Katrine B Hansen
Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
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Julie L Forman
Julie L Forman
Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Joachim Størling
Joachim Størling
Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
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Elizaveta Chabanova
Elizaveta Chabanova
Department of Radiology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
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Jens Holst
Jens Holst
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Tina Vilsbøll
Tina Vilsbøll
Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
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Filip K Knop
Filip K Knop
Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Introduction Prednisolone, a corticosteroid-based drug, is used in a wide range of diseases due to its anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant effects ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ). Glucocorticoids affect various human tissues, and it has been shown
Trine Holm Johannsen
Trine Holm Johannsen
Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
International Centre for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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International Centre for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Jakob Albrethsen
Jakob Albrethsen
Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
International Centre for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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International Centre for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Vassos Neocleous
Vassos Neocleous
The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Department of Molecular Genetics, Function and Therapy, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Federico Baronio
Federico Baronio
S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Bologna, Italy
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Martine Cools
Martine Cools
Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital and Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Lise Aksglaede
Lise Aksglaede
Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
International Centre for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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International Centre for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Niels Jørgensen
Niels Jørgensen
Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
International Centre for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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International Centre for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Peter Christiansen
Peter Christiansen
Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
International Centre for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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International Centre for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Meropi Toumba
Meropi Toumba
The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Department of Molecular Genetics, Function and Therapy, Nicosia, Cyprus
Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Aretaeio Hospital, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Aretaeio Hospital, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Pavlos Fanis
Pavlos Fanis
The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Department of Molecular Genetics, Function and Therapy, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Marie Lindhardt Ljubicic
Marie Lindhardt Ljubicic
Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
International Centre for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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International Centre for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Anders Juul
Anders Juul
Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
International Centre for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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International Centre for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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adrenocorticotropic hormone and, thus, an overproduction of adrenal androgens, which may result in virilization, an altered growth pattern, and infertility ( 2 ). Treatment of CAH may comprise life-long replacement therapy with glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids
Jorge Gabriel Ruiz-Sánchez
Jorge Gabriel Ruiz-Sánchez
Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM), Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, España
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, España
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Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, España
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Alfonso Luis Calle-Pascual
Alfonso Luis Calle-Pascual
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, España
Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, España
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, España
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Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, España
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, España
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Miguel Ángel Rubio-Herrera
Miguel Ángel Rubio-Herrera
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, España
Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, España
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Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, España
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María Paz De Miguel Novoa
María Paz De Miguel Novoa
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, España
Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, España
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Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, España
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Emilia Gómez-Hoyos
Emilia Gómez-Hoyos
Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, España
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Isabelle Runkle
Isabelle Runkle
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, España
Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, España
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Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, España
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nephron. However, the importance of cortisol progressively increases as levels of the glucocorticoid rise to upper limits of normal ( 1 ). MR activation in principal cells leads to the synthesis of amiloride-sensitive epithelial Na+ channels and their
Rachel Forfar
Rachel Forfar
Centre for Therapeutics Discovery, LifeArc, Accelerator Building, Open Innovation Campus, Stevenage, UK
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Mashal Hussain
Mashal Hussain
Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Puneet Khurana
Puneet Khurana
Centre for Therapeutics Discovery, LifeArc, Accelerator Building, Open Innovation Campus, Stevenage, UK
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Jennifer Cook
Jennifer Cook
Centre for Therapeutics Discovery, LifeArc, Accelerator Building, Open Innovation Campus, Stevenage, UK
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Steve Lewis
Steve Lewis
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Dillon Popat
Dillon Popat
Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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David Jackson
David Jackson
Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Ed McIver
Ed McIver
Centre for Therapeutics Discovery, LifeArc, Accelerator Building, Open Innovation Campus, Stevenage, UK
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Jeff Jerman
Jeff Jerman
Centre for Therapeutics Discovery, LifeArc, Accelerator Building, Open Innovation Campus, Stevenage, UK
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Debra Taylor
Debra Taylor
Centre for Therapeutics Discovery, LifeArc, Accelerator Building, Open Innovation Campus, Stevenage, UK
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Adrian JL Clark
Adrian JL Clark
Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Li F Chan
Li F Chan
Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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vasopressin. ACTH then acts on the adrenal glands to produce glucocorticoids and cortisol in humans. Cortisol negatively feeds back at the level of the pituitary gland and hypothalamus to inhibit further production and release ACTH. The melanocortins act
