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the ventral (Hv) ( 22 ). The brain is regarded as the organ where kisspeptin genes primarily act, and the habenula mainly regulates circadian rhythm and stress response ( 23 ). The sexually dimorphic distribution of kiss -positive cells in the brain
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Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Endo-ERN European Reference Network on Rare endocrine conditions
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Endo-ERN European Reference Network on Rare endocrine conditions
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Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
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detrimental effects on the quality of life. Patients with HD may experience disturbed hunger-satiety and thirst feelings, decreased energy expenditure, behavioral problems, disturbed circadian rhythm, temperature dysregulation and pituitary dysfunction
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–night rhythm with increased somnolence and decreased activity during the day. Another contributing factor can be multiple pituitary hormone deficiency, which is often present in these patients, requiring hormone supplementation ( 8 ). Anorexia nervosa
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Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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acknowledged. Enzymatic activities were estimated by ratios of metabolites in morning urine, which estimate activity only globally. Since cortisol is secreted in a circadian rhythm, a 24-h-urine sample would have been preferred. In addition, both short- and
Endocrinology Department, University Hospital in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
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circumference, and increased abdominal fat and leptin values ( 76 , 91 ). The probable mechanisms beyond weight gain in patients with PTHP include altered function of hypothalamic nuclei, which control energy homeostasis, changes in circadian rhythms, mood
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Department of Endocrinology, Mediclinic Airport Road Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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circadian rhythm through chronotherapy ( 46 ) hold the future promise of reduction of the observed side-effects. A significant proportion of PAI in SSA was suggested as being secondary to underlying AIDS and tuberculosis, whereas in the MENA region these
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Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
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School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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of s-cortisol and the high-dose (250 µg) synachten test were performed at 08:00 h, it is possible that variations in individual circadian rhythms could have resulted in false-negative results. Moreover, the use of the synacthen test rather than the
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; problems with the oral mucosa or saliva; current pregnancy; abnormal circadian rhythm (not sleeping at night between 00:30 and 05:00 h). The study was approved by the local ethics committee in Umeå (Dnr 2018-162-31M). Written informed consent was obtained
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statistical power for single SNP analyses. Further, time at blood sampling was not standardised, but the secretion of TSH is related to a circadian rhythm showing higher values in the morning and a decrease at noon ( 62 ). Conclusion To our knowledge
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gland produce and secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in a dual fashion: a basal secretion with a circadian pattern (nocturnal levels up to a twofold of daytime levels) and pulses approximately every 90 min ( 25 ). TSH binds the G