School of Nursing, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
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), 1,25D functions as a steroid hormone to regulate transcription ( 4 ) and epigenomic effects ( 5 ). In this endocrine setting, 1,25D is thus able to promote the gastrointestinal acquisition of dietary minerals such as calcium and phosphate. 1,25D also
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is located within the last intracellular loop, and results of functional analyses revealed normal transcription activity in an Erg-Luc assay but decreased calcium mobilization activity (72% of WT) in an aequorin-based Ca 2+ flux assay. Its expression
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Department of Health & Life Sciences, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California, USA
Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Department of Health & Life Sciences, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California, USA
Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Introduction Vitamin D is universally recognized for its classical effects on calcium regulation and phosphate homeostasis, in relation to bone development and maintenance ( 1 , 2 ). However, vitamin D deficiency has also been linked to the
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Introduction Acute hypocalcaemia can be life threatening, necessitating urgent treatment. In severe cases, intravenous calcium forms the mainstay of initial therapy, but it is essential to ascertain the underlying cause and commence specific
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Introduction Under physiological conditions, serum calcium concentration is tightly regulated. Abnormalities of parathyroid function, bone resorption, renal calcium reabsorption or dihydroxylation of vitamin D may cause regulatory mechanisms
St Michael's Hospital, Metabolism Laboratory, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Dún Laoghaire, Dublin, Ireland
St Michael's Hospital, Metabolism Laboratory, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Dún Laoghaire, Dublin, Ireland
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Introduction Two conflicting reports on vitamin D intake requirements were published in 2011: Institute of Medicine (IOM) report on Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D and the Endocrine Society's Clinical Practice Guideline (CPG
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Introduction Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a common endocrine disorder, having a prevalence of 0.04–0.1% in the general population ( 1 ). The principal role of parathyroid hormone (PTH) is to maintain (raise) blood calcium levels in
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is normocalcemic pHPT, which is an abnormality of the relationship between calcium and PTH. Normocalcemic pHPT presents with calcium levels within the normal range and the diagnosis could be revealed, with the use of calcium loading test: When an oral
Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Introduction Vitamin D is essential for intestinal calcium absorption and skeletal health. Vitamin D deficiency in children may lead to rickets, which can be prevented and/or treated by vitamin D supplementation ( 1 ). In addition to its
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Introduction About 80–90% of primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) cases are caused by parathyroid adenoma. Long-term increased parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion leads to a generalized disorder of calcium, phosphate and bone metabolism. The