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Zhaoxiang Liu Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

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Mingqiang Zhang Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

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Xiaohu Shi Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China

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Wenhui Zhao Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

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Chenxiang Cao Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

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Lixia Jin Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

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Yanlei Wang Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

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Jianzhong Xiao Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

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with T2DM and healthy controls. CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4; PD-1, programmed cell death protein 1; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; Tregs, T-regulatory cells.. Figure 5 Flow cytometric analyses of PD-1 + CD4 + T cells, CTLA-4

Article Type:
Research Article
Collections:
Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-23-0218
Volume/Issue:
Volume 12: Issue 9
Open access
Jairo Arturo Pinzón-Cortés Biological Sciences Department, Laboratory of Human Genetics, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia

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Angelina Perna-Chaux Biological Sciences Department, Laboratory of Human Genetics, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia

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Nicolás Steven Rojas-Villamizar Biological Sciences Department, Laboratory of Human Genetics, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia

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Angélica Díaz-Basabe Biological Sciences Department, Laboratory of Human Genetics, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia

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Diana Carolina Polanía-Villanueva Biological Sciences Department, Laboratory of Human Genetics, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia

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María Fernanda Jácome Biological Sciences Department, Laboratory of Human Genetics, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia

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Carlos Olimpo Mendivil School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
Endocrinology Section, Hospital Universitario Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia

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Helena Groot Biological Sciences Department, Laboratory of Human Genetics, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia

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Valeriano López-Segura Biological Sciences Department, Laboratory of Human Genetics, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia

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development of chronic complications with a high burden of morbidity and mortality ( 1 ). The chronic complications of T2DM are numerous and include atherosclerotic diseases (coronary artery disease, atherosclerotic cerebrovascular disease and peripheral

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-17-0199
Volume/Issue:
Volume 6: Issue 8
Open access
Guang-Ran Yang Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Dongmei Li Clinical and Translational Science Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA

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Zidian Xie Clinical and Translational Science Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA

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included respondents were type 1 diabetes or T2DM. Second, the study data were based on telephone investigations. The body height and weight of the respondents were self-reported, which might not conform to the actual situation. And there was a lack of

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-21-0172
Volume/Issue:
Volume 10: Issue 7
Open access
Ruixin Hu School of pharmacy, Qing Dao University, Qingdao, China

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Yanting Yuan School of pharmacy, Qing Dao University, Qingdao, China

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Chaolong Liu School of pharmacy, Qing Dao University, Qingdao, China

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Ji Zhou School of pharmacy, Qing Dao University, Qingdao, China

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Lixia Ji School of pharmacy, Qing Dao University, Qingdao, China

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Guohui Jiang School of pharmacy, Qing Dao University, Qingdao, China

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, while the mucus-degrading bacteria Akkermansia muciniphila , Bacteroides caccae , Clostridium and Escherichia coli increased in patients with T2DM ( 1 , 2 , 3 ). In the intestinal epithelial cells, the mature mucus layer is characterized by the

Article Type:
Review Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-20-0431
Volume/Issue:
Volume 10: Issue 1
Open access
Aline Stangherlin Martins Neurofibromatosis Outpatient Reference Center, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Medical Clinic, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, The Neurofibromatosis Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Alameda Álvaro Celso 55, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

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Ann Kristine Jansen Neurofibromatosis Outpatient Reference Center, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Medical Clinic, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, The Neurofibromatosis Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Alameda Álvaro Celso 55, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

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Luiz Oswaldo Carneiro Rodrigues Neurofibromatosis Outpatient Reference Center, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Medical Clinic, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, The Neurofibromatosis Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Alameda Álvaro Celso 55, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

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Camila Maria Matos Neurofibromatosis Outpatient Reference Center, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Medical Clinic, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, The Neurofibromatosis Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Alameda Álvaro Celso 55, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

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Marcio Leandro Ribeiro Souza Neurofibromatosis Outpatient Reference Center, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Medical Clinic, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, The Neurofibromatosis Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Alameda Álvaro Celso 55, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

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Juliana Ferreira de Souza Neurofibromatosis Outpatient Reference Center, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Medical Clinic, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, The Neurofibromatosis Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Alameda Álvaro Celso 55, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

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Maria de Fátima Haueisen Sander Diniz Neurofibromatosis Outpatient Reference Center, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Medical Clinic, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, The Neurofibromatosis Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Alameda Álvaro Celso 55, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

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Sandhi Maria Barreto Neurofibromatosis Outpatient Reference Center, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Medical Clinic, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, The Neurofibromatosis Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Alameda Álvaro Celso 55, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

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Leonardo Mauricio Diniz Neurofibromatosis Outpatient Reference Center, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Medical Clinic, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, The Neurofibromatosis Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Alameda Álvaro Celso 55, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

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Nilton Alves de Rezende Neurofibromatosis Outpatient Reference Center, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Medical Clinic, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, The Neurofibromatosis Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Alameda Álvaro Celso 55, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Neurofibromatosis Outpatient Reference Center, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Medical Clinic, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, The Neurofibromatosis Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Alameda Álvaro Celso 55, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

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Vincent Michael Riccardi Neurofibromatosis Outpatient Reference Center, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Medical Clinic, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, The Neurofibromatosis Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Alameda Álvaro Celso 55, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

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to 1997 and found that 658 deaths (17.4%) were related to vascular disease (VD), whereas only 64 (1.7%) were related to type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Similarly, Masocco et al . (8) reviewed the death certificates of 632 individuals with

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-15-0102
Volume/Issue:
Volume 5: Issue 1
Open access
Annalisa Blasetti Department of Paediatrics, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy

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Valeria Castorani Department of Paediatrics, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy

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Nella Polidori Department of Paediatrics, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy

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Ilaria Mascioli Department of Paediatrics, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy

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Francesco Chiarelli Department of Paediatrics, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy

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Cosimo Giannini Department of Paediatrics, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy

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Introduction Type 1 diabetes (T1D) and other chronic diseases are well recognized to adversely affect linear growth in childhood. Indeed, early studies have shown that suboptimal glycemic control and longer disease duration can impair

Article Type:
Research Article
Collections:
Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-22-0370
Volume/Issue:
Volume 12: Issue 4
Open access
Jia Liu Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Min Liu Department of Radiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China

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Zhe Chen Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Yumei Jia Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Guang Wang Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0151266 ) 15 Messroghli DR Radjenovic A Kozerke S Higgins DM Sivananthan MU Ridgway JP . Modified Look-Locker inversion recovery (MOLLI) for high-resolution T1 mapping of the heart . Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 2004 52

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-18-0175
Volume/Issue:
Volume 7: Issue 12
Open access
Alessandra Gambineri Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, St Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Alma Mater University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

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Carla Pelusi Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, St Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Alma Mater University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

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have demonstrated that the incidence of T2DM in women with PCOS is very high, thus confirming that PCOS is a risk factor for T2DM ( 13 , 14 ). In a prospective study in Italy, the incidence rate of T2DM was found to be 1.05 per 100 person-years, which

Article Type:
Review Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-18-0450
Volume/Issue:
Volume 8: Issue 1
Open access
Erika Biegelmeyer Internal Medicine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Internal Medicine Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul

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Iury Scanagata Internal Medicine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Internal Medicine Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul

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Laura Alves Internal Medicine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Internal Medicine Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul

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Murilo Reveilleau Internal Medicine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Internal Medicine Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul

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Fernando Pereira Schwengber Internal Medicine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Internal Medicine Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul

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Simone Magagnin Wajner Internal Medicine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Internal Medicine Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul

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increased reverse T3 (rT3), and a decrease in plasma thyroxine (T4) as the disease progresses. These alterations occur in approximately 50% of patients with several chronic or acute diseases, but the mechanisms behind them are poorly understood ( 1 , 2

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-21-0080
Volume/Issue:
Volume 10: Issue 8
Open access
Wang Chengji College of Physical Education, Chaohu University, Anhui Province, China

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Fan Xianjin College of Physical Education, Chaohu University, Anhui Province, China

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Introduction Smoking ( 1 ), low physical activity ( 2 ), obesity, insulin resistance and hyperglycemia ( 3 ) are independently associated with incident type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Insulin resistance is affected by metabolic risk factors

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-18-0060
Volume/Issue:
Volume 7: Issue 4
Open access