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Clara Lundetoft Clausen Center of Research & Disruption of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital – Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital – Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark

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Trine Holm Johannsen Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Niels Erik Skakkebæk Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Hanne Frederiksen Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Camilla Koch Ryrsø Department of Pulmonary and Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital – Nordsjælland, Hillerød, Denmark
Centre for Physical Activity Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Arnold Matovu Dungu Department of Pulmonary and Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital – Nordsjælland, Hillerød, Denmark

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Maria Hein Hegelund Department of Pulmonary and Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital – Nordsjælland, Hillerød, Denmark

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Daniel Faurholt-Jepsen Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Rikke Krogh-Madsen Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital – Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
Centre for Physical Activity Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Birgitte Lindegaard Department of Pulmonary and Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital – Nordsjælland, Hillerød, Denmark
Centre for Physical Activity Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Allan Linneberg Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital – Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Line Lund Kårhus Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital – Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Anders Juul Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Thomas Benfield Center of Research & Disruption of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital – Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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disease severity after adjustment for other factors associated with a poor outcome including the level of inflammation. Further, we hypothesized that the changes in HPG axis hormones were similar in patients with severe LRTI of other causes. Therefore, we

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Peter Ergang Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic

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Anna Mikulecká Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic

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Martin Vodicˇka Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic

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Karla Vagnerová Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic

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Ivan Mikšík Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic

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Jirˇí Pácha Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic

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-induced suppression of inflammation ( 3 ). Acute stress increases transiently plasma glucocorticoids, whereas chronic stress is associated with a chronic elevation of circulating glucocorticoids ( 4 ). The response of the target cells to glucocorticoids does not

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Chun-feng Lu Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University and First People’s Hospital of Nantong City, Nantong, China

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Xiao-qin Ge Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University and First People’s Hospital of Nantong City, Nantong, China

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Yan Wang Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University and First People’s Hospital of Nantong City, Nantong, China

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Jian-bin Su Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University and First People’s Hospital of Nantong City, Nantong, China

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Xue-qin Wang Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University and First People’s Hospital of Nantong City, Nantong, China

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Dong-mei Zhang Clinical Medicine Research Center, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University and First People’s Hospital of Nantong City, Nantong, China

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Feng Xu Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University and First People’s Hospital of Nantong City, Nantong, China

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Wang-shu Liu Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University and First People’s Hospital of Nantong City, Nantong, China

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Min Su Department of Endocrinology, Nantong Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nantong Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nantong, China

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status. In addition, serum ADA levels are connected with inflammation level in various inflammatory diseases ( 22 ). Inflammation exerts an important role in the development and progression of various diabetic complications. ADA is highly expressed in

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Xinyuan Zhang Laboratory of Genetic Disease and Perinatal Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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Suiyan Li School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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Hongwei Liu Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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Huai Bai Laboratory of Genetic Disease and Perinatal Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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Qingqing Liu Laboratory of Genetic Disease and Perinatal Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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Chunyi Yang Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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Ping Fan Laboratory of Genetic Disease and Perinatal Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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resistance, heightened oxidative stress, low-grade chronic inflammation, dyslipidemia, increased risks of complications during pregnancy, type 2 diabetes, cardiocerebrovascular disease, anxiety and depression, obstructive sleep apnea, and endometrial cancer

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Marianna Martino Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences (DISCLIMO), Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy

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Paolo Falcioni Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences (DISCLIMO), Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy

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Giulia Giancola Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences (DISCLIMO), Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy

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Alessandro Ciarloni Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences (DISCLIMO), Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy

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Gianmaria Salvio Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences (DISCLIMO), Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy

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Francesca Silvetti Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences (DISCLIMO), Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy

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Augusto Taccaliti Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences (DISCLIMO), Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy

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Giorgio Arnaldi Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences (DISCLIMO), Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy

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and their association with: (a) sodium balance throughout and at the end of the hospitalization; (b) biochemical inflammation and organ damage indexes: C reactive protein (CRP), IL-6, serum lactate levels (Lac); (c) outcome measures: maximum required

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Arnaud Lagarde Aix Marseille Univ, APHM, INSERM, MMG, Laboratory of Molecular Biology Hospital La Conception, Marseille, France

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Grégory Mougel Aix Marseille Univ, APHM, INSERM, MMG, Laboratory of Molecular Biology Hospital La Conception, Marseille, France

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Lucie Coppin Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277 – CANTHER – Cancer – Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, Lille, France

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Magalie Haissaguerre Service d’Endocrinologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Hôpital du Haut Levêque, Pessac, France

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Lauriane Le Collen Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition Unit, University Hospital of Reims, Reims, France
Inserm/CNRS UMR 1283/8199, Pasteur Institute of Lille, EGID, Lille, France

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Amira Mohamed Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hospital La Conception, APHM, Marseille, France

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Marc Klein Service Endocrinologie, CHU de Nancy, Hôpital de Brabois, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France

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Marie-Françoise Odou CHU Lille, Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire ‘Hormonologie, Métabolisme-Nutrition, Oncologie’, Lille, France
Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286 – Infinite – Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, Lille, France

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Antoine Tabarin Service d’Endocrinologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Hôpital du Haut Levêque, Pessac, France

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Hedia Brixi Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, Reims University Hospital, Reims, France

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Thomas Cuny Aix Marseille Univ, APHM, INSERM, MMG, Department of Endocrinology, Hospital La Conception, Marseille, France

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Brigitte Delemer Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition Unit, University Hospital of Reims, Reims, France

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Anne Barlier Aix Marseille Univ, APHM, INSERM, MMG, Laboratory of Molecular Biology Hospital La Conception, Marseille, France

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Pauline Romanet Aix Marseille Univ, APHM, INSERM, MMG, Laboratory of Molecular Biology Hospital La Conception, Marseille, France

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Purpose

Mosaicism is a feature of several inherited tumor syndromes. Only a few cases of mosaicism have been described in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1). Next-generation sequencing (NGS) offers new possibilities for detecting mosaicism. Here, we report the first study to systematically look for MEN1 mosaicism, using blood DNA, in MEN1-suspected patients but without MEN1 pathogenic variants (PV) in a heterozygous state.

Methods

Digital targeted NGS, including unique molecular identifiers (UMIs), was performed in routine practice, and the analytic performance of this method was verified.

Results

Among a cohort of 119 patients harboring from 2 to 5 MEN1 lesions, we identified 3 patients with MEN1 mosaic PVs. The allele frequencies ranged from 2.3 to 9.5%. The detection rate of MEN1 mosaicism in patients bearing at least 3 MEN1 lesions was 17% (3/18). No cases were detected in patients with two lesions.

Conclusion

We report here three new cases with MEN1 mosaicism. This study examined the performance of UMI in the diagnosis of MEN1 mosaicism in routine practice, and our results underline that the frequency of mosaicism is probably underestimated in patients with suspected MEN1.

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Eva Novoa Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Clinic of Endocrinology, Head and Neck Surgery

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Marcel Gärtner Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Clinic of Endocrinology, Head and Neck Surgery

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Christoph Henzen Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Clinic of Endocrinology, Head and Neck Surgery

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>500 nmol/l and/or a cortisol increase of at least 250 nmol/l, and as stimulated salivary cortisol concentrations >27.5 nmol/l. Markers of bone metabolism and inflammation The following additional blood samples of each patient were obtained on days 0

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Natalio García-Honduvilla Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
Networking Biomedical Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
University Center of Defense of Madrid (CUD-ACD), Madrid, Spain

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Alberto Cifuentes Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
Networking Biomedical Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain

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Miguel A Ortega Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
Networking Biomedical Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain

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Marta Pastor Biopraxis Research AIE, Álava, Spain

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Garazi Gainza Biopraxis Research AIE, Álava, Spain

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Eusebio Gainza Biopraxis Research AIE, Álava, Spain

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Julia Buján Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
Networking Biomedical Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
University Center of Defense of Madrid (CUD-ACD), Madrid, Spain

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Melchor Álvarez-Mon Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
Networking Biomedical Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
University Center of Defense of Madrid (CUD-ACD), Madrid, Spain
Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology and Oncology Service, University Hospital Príncipe de Asturias, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain

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macrophage population. At the end of the study (day 21), rhEGF-treated animals showed a normalization of the macrophage presence, with values comparable to those of non-diabetic rats, while DR-PLCB group failed to resolve tissue inflammation. To further

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Claire L Wood Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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Kieren G Hollingsworth Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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Edrina Bokaie Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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Eric Hughes Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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Robert Muni-Lofra Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Newcastle University and Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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Anna Mayhew Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Newcastle University and Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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Rod T Mitchell MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, Queens Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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Michela Guglieri Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Newcastle University and Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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Joseph McElvaney Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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Timothy D Cheetham Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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Volker Straub Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Newcastle University and Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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had a positive impact on the skeleton and contractile muscle bulk. There was also evidence of a beneficial impact on the underlying disease process, with reduced muscle inflammation as detected by a reduced T2 relaxation time on MR spectroscopy

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T P McVeigh Discipline of Surgery, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, School of Medicine, NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland

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R J Mulligan Discipline of Surgery, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, School of Medicine, NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland

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U M McVeigh Discipline of Surgery, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, School of Medicine, NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland

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P W Owens Discipline of Surgery, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, School of Medicine, NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland

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N Miller Discipline of Surgery, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, School of Medicine, NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland

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M Bell Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland

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F Sebag Department of Endocrine Surgery Centre hospitalo-universitaire de La Conception, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
Aix-Marseille Université, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France

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C Guerin Department of Endocrine Surgery Centre hospitalo-universitaire de La Conception, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
Aix-Marseille Université, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France

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D S Quill Discipline of Surgery, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, School of Medicine, NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland

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J B Weidhaas David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA

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M J Kerin Discipline of Surgery, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, School of Medicine, NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland

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A J Lowery Discipline of Surgery, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, School of Medicine, NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland

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Discussion The role of miRNA-146a and miRNA-146b in inflammation, immune function and epithelial cell homeostasis and their reported roles in inhibition of invasion and metastasis, make them seductive candidates as cancer susceptibility genes. The function

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