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Lisa Arnetz Departments of Endocrinology, Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Metabolism and Diabetes
Departments of Endocrinology, Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Metabolism and Diabetes

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Neda Rajamand Ekberg Departments of Endocrinology, Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Metabolism and Diabetes
Departments of Endocrinology, Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Metabolism and Diabetes

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Kerstin Brismar Departments of Endocrinology, Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Metabolism and Diabetes
Departments of Endocrinology, Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Metabolism and Diabetes

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Michael Alvarsson Departments of Endocrinology, Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Metabolism and Diabetes
Departments of Endocrinology, Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Metabolism and Diabetes

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, 9) . Younger, healthy women have increased adrenal response to physiological stress compared with men due to a stimulatory effect of estrogen on the HPA axis (10) . Increased glucocorticoid levels or HPA axis activity may furthermore suppress growth

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Li Jing College of Physical Education, Chaohu University, Anhui Province, China

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Wang Chengji College of Physical Education, Chaohu University, Anhui Province, China

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exercise regularly as a means of improving social integration and cardiovascular health ( 8 ). Thus, a better understanding of the effects of exercise on the metabolic response in T2D patients will allow clinicians to prescribe exercise to their patients

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Margret J Einarsdottir Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Penelope Trimpou Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Gudmundur Johannsson Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Oskar Ragnarsson Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
Wallenberg Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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(stress dose) during physical and/or psychological stress. Similarly, patients undergoing severe stress who have recently ceased GC treatment also require stress doses of GC ( 1 ). Common symptoms and signs of adrenal crisis include hypotension, abdominal

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Britt J van Keulen Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, de Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Michelle Romijn Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, de Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Bibian van der Voorn Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Sophia Kinderziekenhuis, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Marita de Waard Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, locations AMC and VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Michaela F Hartmann Steroid Research and Mass Spectrometry Unit, Laboratory for Translational Hormone Analytics, Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany

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Johannes B van Goudoever Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, locations AMC and VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Stefan A Wudy Steroid Research and Mass Spectrometry Unit, Laboratory for Translational Hormone Analytics, Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany

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Joost Rotteveel Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Martijn J J Finken Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, de Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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essential for blood pressure maintenance ( 7 ) and has been presumed to play a role in the dampening of the immune response ( 8 ). During their first weeks of life, many preterm infants fail to mount an adequate cortisol response for the degree of stress or

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Aldo Bonaventura Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, First Clinic of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa School of Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino – IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy

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Fabrizio Montecucco Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, First Clinic of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa School of Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino – IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, First Clinic of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa School of Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino – IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, First Clinic of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa School of Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino – IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy

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Franco Dallegri Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, First Clinic of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa School of Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino – IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy

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counter-regulatory hormone responses (i.e., glucagon and epinephrine, starting at 68.4 mg/dl (3.8 mmol/l)) and cognitive and symptomatic changes (20, 21, 22) . Despite initial common mechanisms, the pathophysiology of hypoglycemia differs between T1DM and

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Aliyu Tijani Jibril Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

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Ahmad Jayedi Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran

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Sakineh Shab-Bidar Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

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evaluated. Furthermore, potential dose-dependent effects of ALA supplementation on cardiometabolic risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes have not been evaluated. Dose–response meta-analysis of differences in means is a new statistical approach that

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Esben S Lauritzen The Medical Research Laboratories, Institute of Clinical Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark

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Nikolaj Rittig The Medical Research Laboratories, Institute of Clinical Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark

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Ermina Bach The Medical Research Laboratories, Institute of Clinical Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark

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Niels Møller The Medical Research Laboratories, Institute of Clinical Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark

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Mette Bjerre The Medical Research Laboratories, Institute of Clinical Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark

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322 – 330 . ( doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2015.03.021 ) 23 Bach E Moller AB Jorgensen JO Vendelbo MH Jessen N Pedersen SB Nielsen TS Moller N. Stress hormone release is a key component of the metabolic response to

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Karim Gariani Service of Endocrinology, Laboratory of Intensive Care, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition

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Geneviève Drifte Service of Endocrinology, Laboratory of Intensive Care, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition
Service of Endocrinology, Laboratory of Intensive Care, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition

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Irène Dunn-Siegrist Service of Endocrinology, Laboratory of Intensive Care, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition
Service of Endocrinology, Laboratory of Intensive Care, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition

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Jérôme Pugin Service of Endocrinology, Laboratory of Intensive Care, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition
Service of Endocrinology, Laboratory of Intensive Care, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition

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François R Jornayvaz Service of Endocrinology, Laboratory of Intensive Care, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition

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differentiation of bacterial infection from viral infection, the assessment of the response to therapy, or the prediction of the development of multiple organ failure (25, 26, 27) . However, the precise role of biomarkers in the management of septic patients

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Maria Houborg Petersen Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Jacob Volmer Stidsen Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Martin Eisemann de Almeida Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Emil Kleis Wentorf Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Kurt Jensen Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Niels Ørtenblad Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Kurt Højlund Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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between insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity is hyperbolic ( 17 , 18 ), and, therefore, when insulin sensitivity is improved in response to exercise training, less insulin secretion is needed. It is, therefore, preferable that insulin sensitivity and

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Sarah Bakhamis Department of Pediatrics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Faiqa Imtiaz Centre for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Khushnooda Ramzan Centre for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Edward De Vol Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology & Scientific Computing, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Osamah Al-Sagheir Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Abdulrahman Al-Rajhi Department of Orthopedics, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Abdullah Alashwal Department of Pediatrics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Bassam Bin Abbas Department of Pediatrics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Nadia Sakati Department of Pediatrics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Afaf Al-Sagheir Department of Pediatrics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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high dose of vitamin D therapy (50,000 IU/week for 8–12 weeks) along with an oral calcium supplement of 50 mg/kg, and their response to treatment was monitored. Compliance was tracked by contacting the patients and by monitoring the patients’ medication

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