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Tsuneo Ogawa Cardiovascular Endocrinology Laboratory, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1Y 4W7

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Adolfo J de Bold Cardiovascular Endocrinology Laboratory, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1Y 4W7

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cardiac natriuretic peptides (cNPs). Other unrelated peptide hormones such as the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) family and endothelin-1 (ET1) are also expressed in the heart albeit in quantities that are smaller than in their principal sites of

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Gudmundur Johannsson Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Martin Bidlingmaier Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany

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Beverly M K Biller Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Margaret Boguszewski Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil

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Felipe F Casanueva Department of Medicine, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain

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Philippe Chanson Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, and Inserm, Paris, France

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Peter E Clayton Developmental Biology & Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

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Catherine S Choong Department of Endocrinology, Princess Margaret Hospital & School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia

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David Clemmons Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA

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Mehul Dattani Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK

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Jan Frystyk Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Ken Ho Princess Alexandra Hospital and University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

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Andrew R Hoffman Department of Medicine, Stanford University and VA Palo Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA

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Reiko Horikawa National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan

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Anders Juul Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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John J Kopchick Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA

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Xiaoping Luo Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China

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Sebastian Neggers Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Pituitary Centre Rotterdam, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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Irene Netchine Service d’Explorations Fonctionnelles Endocriniennes, AP-HP, Hôpital Trousseau, Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMRs 938, Paris, France

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Daniel S Olsson Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Sally Radovick Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA

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Ron Rosenfeld Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA

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Richard J Ross University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK

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Katharina Schilbach Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany

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Paulo Solberg Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Christian Strasburger Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany

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Peter Trainer The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

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Kevin C J Yuen Barrow Pituitary Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Department of Neuroendocrinology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona, USA

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Kerstin Wickstrom Medical Products Agency, Uppsala, Sweden

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Jens O L Jorgensen Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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on behalf of the Growth Hormone Research Society
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://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ta64 ) 16 Pappachan JM Raskauskiene D Kutty VR Clayton RN. Excess mortality associated with hypopituitarism in adults: a meta-analysis of observational studies . Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2015 100 1405 – 1411 . ( https

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Athanasios D Anastasilakis Department of Endocrinology, 424 General Military Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece

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Marina Tsoli 1st Propaedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Gregory Kaltsas 1st Propaedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Polyzois Makras Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, 251 Hellenic Air Force & VA General Hospital, Athens, Greece

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derived from macrophage/monocyte precursors that are specialized in bone degradation ( 29 ). As DCs and osteoclasts originate from the same myeloid precursor, common factors usually regulate their function ( 30 ). Osteoblasts, the principal bone

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Karim Gariani Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Therapeutic Patient Education, Geneva University Hospitals and Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland

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François R Jornayvaz Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Therapeutic Patient Education, Geneva University Hospitals and Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

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). Etiology As mentioned earlier, NAFLD is a diagnosis of exclusion, so its workup must exclude other causes such as alcohol consumption, hepatitis B and C infection, drug abuse, autoimmune liver disease, hemochromatosis and Wilson’s disease. The principal

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David S McLaren Department of Endocrinology, Leeds Centre for Diabetes & Endocrinology, Leeds Teaching Hospital NHS Trust, Leeds, UK

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Aarani Devi Clinical Oncology, Leeds Cancer Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospital NHS Trust, Leeds, UK

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Nikolaos Kyriakakis Department of Endocrinology, Leeds Centre for Diabetes & Endocrinology, Leeds Teaching Hospital NHS Trust, Leeds, UK

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Michelle Kwok-Williams Clinical Oncology, Leeds Cancer Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospital NHS Trust, Leeds, UK

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Robert D Murray Department of Endocrinology, Leeds Centre for Diabetes & Endocrinology, Leeds Teaching Hospital NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine (LICAMM), University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

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with cancer. However, RT remains an essential component of current contemporary multimodality treatment regimes for CAYA cancers. IMRT, VMAT, and IGRT A landmark development in the evolution of RT techniques is the introduction of IMRT, which is

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Richard P Steeds Department of Cardiology, University Hospitals Birmingham (Queen Elizabeth), NHS Hospitals Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Vandana Sagar Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Shishir Shetty Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Tessa Oelofse Departments of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, University Hospitals Birmingham (Queen Elizabeth), NHS Hospitals Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

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Harjot Singh Departments of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, University Hospitals Birmingham (Queen Elizabeth), NHS Hospitals Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

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Raheel Ahmad Department of Cardiology, University Hospitals Birmingham (Queen Elizabeth), NHS Hospitals Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

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Elizabeth Bradley Therapy Services (Dietetics), University Hospitals Birmingham (Queen Elizabeth), NHS Hospitals Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

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Rachel Moore Departments of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, University Hospitals Birmingham (Queen Elizabeth), NHS Hospitals Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

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Suzanne Vickrage Birmingham Neuroendocrine Tumour Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham (Queen Elizabeth), NHS Hospitals Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

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Stacey Smith Birmingham Neuroendocrine Tumour Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham (Queen Elizabeth), NHS Hospitals Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

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Ivan Yim Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Hospitals Birmingham (Queen Elizabeth), NHS Hospitals Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

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Yasir S Elhassan Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Hema Venkataraman Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK

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John Ayuk Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK

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Stephen Rooney Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Hospitals Birmingham (Queen Elizabeth), NHS Hospitals Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

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Tahir Shah Birmingham Neuroendocrine Tumour Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham (Queen Elizabeth), NHS Hospitals Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
Department of Hepatology and Liver Transplantation, University Hospitals Birmingham (Queen Elizabeth), NHS Hospitals Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

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.41002.2c ) 9 Yoder MC Mead LE Prater D Krier TR Mroueh KN Li F Krasich R Temm CJ Prchal JT Ingram DA . Redefining endothelial progenitor cells via clonal analysis and hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell principals . Blood 2007

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Robert Rapaport Division of Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetes, Mount Sinai Kravis Children’s Hospital and Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA

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Jan M Wit Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Martin O Savage Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, London, UK

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length >−2 SDS), absence of abnormal physical features and normal general screening investigations, normal body proportions and absence of major dysmorphic features ( 38 ). The components of ISS were critically appraised in two reviews by Wit et al

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Tatiana V Novoselova Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK

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Peter J King Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK

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Leonardo Guasti Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK

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Louise A Metherell Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK

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Adrian J L Clark Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK

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Li F Chan Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK

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-2-receptor (MC2R)), cloned in 1992 ( 6 ), is a critical component of the HPA axis and a member of the melanocortin receptor family. Other members are MC1R, MC3R, MC4R and MC5R – the functions of which were recently reviewed elsewhere ( 4 ). MC2R is

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M Guftar Shaikh Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK
Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

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Timothy G Barrett Department of Endocrinology, Birmingham Womens and Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, UK
Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Nicola Bridges Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK

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Robin Chung Research Working Group, Prader-Willi Syndrome Association, Northampton, UK

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Evelien F Gevers Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Barts Health NHS Trust, Royal London Hospital, London, UK
Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London Medical School, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK

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Anthony P Goldstone PsychoNeuroEndocrinologyResearch Group, Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK

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Anthony Holland Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

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Shankar Kanumakala Royal Alexandra Children’s Hospital, Brighton, UK

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Ruth Krone Department of Endocrinology, Birmingham Womens and Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, UK

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Andreas Kyriakou Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK
Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Makarios Children's Hospital, Nicosia, Cyprus

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E Anne Livesey Royal Alexandra Children’s Hospital, Brighton, UK
Sussex Community NHS Trust, Brighton, UK

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Angela K Lucas-Herald Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK
Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

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Christina Meade CHI at Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Republic of Ireland

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Susan Passmore Prader-Willi Syndrome Association, Northampton, UK

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Edna Roche CHI at Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
The University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland

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Chris Smith Royal Alexandra Children’s Hospital, Brighton, UK

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Sarita Soni Learning Disability Psychiatry, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK

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paternal genes in the region of chromosome 15q11-13, the most important being the genes of the SNORD116 cluster. Diagnosis is confirmed by genetic analysis. PWS has several genetic subtypes: (i) deletion of the paternal copy of 15q11-13 (60–70% of cases

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Kevin C J Yuen Departments of Neuroendocrinology and Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, University of Arizona College of Medicine and Creighton School of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona, United States

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Gudmundur Johannsson Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Ken K Y Ho The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

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Bradley S Miller Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Minnesota Medical School, M Health Fairview Masonic Children’s Hospital, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States

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Ignacio Bergada Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET-FEI-División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Alan D Rogol Pediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States

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percentile (or +1.6 SDS) ( 159 ). In a meta-analysis by Abawi et al . ( 160 ), they noted a negative correlation between BMI SDS and peak GH responses to a GH secretagogue, with each increase in BMI-SDS of 1 unit associated with a decrease in GH max of ~12

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