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effect of menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) on this risk is also discussed. Does transition to menopause predispose to higher CVD risk? Menopause, defined as the completion of 12 months since the final menstrual period (FMP) or at the time of
Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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follow an adequate treatment with glucocorticoid in order to prevent the induction of an adrenal crisis. On the contrary, thyroid hormones enhance GH sensitivity and rise both IGF1 levels and ALS, thus also increasing GH metabolic effect during therapies
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, thyroxine; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance; TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone. Exclusion criteria were previously initiated metformin therapy or other antidiabetic therapy and known thyroid disease, or treatment
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increasingly difficult ( 6 , 7 , 8 ). It is not known whether these changes in SD scores and the likely association of delayed initiation of GHRT result in poorer outcomes. In paediatric growth hormone therapy, it is well known that age of treatment onset
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Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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–2014. Of those, 1327 (participation rate 68%; M = 657) participants completed the study protocol at visit 2 accordingly. Eligible for the present study were those without insulin therapy or hormone replacement therapy. Only subjects that could provide full
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-term neuroendocrine outcomes, the multidisciplinary therapy team should consider constant exogenous hormone replacement treatment for sellar-predominant lesions, and reduced hormone replacement dose for non-sellar-predominant patients. To explore therapeutic influence
Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratorio de Hormonios e Genetica Molecular LIM/42, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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, affecting approximately 25–50 per 100,000 females. Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism is a frequent manifestation, present in more than 95% of TS patients. Therefore, most patients will need hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for puberty induction, attaining of
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Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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, high doses of glucocorticoid substitution therapy and older age at diagnosis are the most consistently identified risk factors associated with increased morbidity and mortality ( 18 , 19 ). In addition, growth hormone deficiency (GHD) has been linked
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Introduction Maternal subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH), which is defined as an increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration beyond the upper limit of the pregnancy-specific reference range and a normal free-thyroxine (FT4
Universitat Oberta Catalunya (UOC), Barcelona, Spain
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Univ Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
Fundació Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Spain
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Univ Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
Fundació Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Spain
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Introduction Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) has been studied in neurological disorders affecting central nervous systems, such as multiple sclerosis to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( 1 , 2 ). Because of the direct impact to the pituitary