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Kim K B Clemmensen Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark

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Jonas S Quist Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark

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Dorte Vistisen Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark

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Daniel R Witte Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark

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Anna Jonsson NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Oluf Pedersen NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Torben Hansen NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jens J Holst NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Torsten Lauritzen Section for General Practice, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

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Marit E Jørgensen Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Signe Torekov NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Kristine Færch Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark

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Introduction Glucose metabolism exhibits circadian rhythmicity ( 1 , 2 ). Longer fasting duration before an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) has been associated with lower fasting glucose but higher post-load glucose levels ( 3

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Helle Døssing Department of Oto-rhino-laryngology and Neck Surgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Finn Noe Bennedbæk Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark

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Laszlo Hegedüs Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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initial score, and with changes evaluated by a sign test. The statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS statistical software, version 25.0 (SPSS). Results The median total energy delivered in the 110 patients was 1200 J (range: 94

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Charlotte Janus Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Dorte Vistisen Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark

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Hanan Amadid Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
Department of Public Health, Research Unit of Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

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Daniel R Witte Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Department of Public Health, Research Unit of Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark

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Torsten Lauritzen Department of Public Health, Research Unit of Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

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Søren Brage MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

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Anne-Louise Bjerregaard Department of Public Health, Research Unit of Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

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Torben Hansen Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jens J Holst Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Marit E Jørgensen Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Oluf Pedersen Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Kristine Færch Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark

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Signe S Torekov Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jørgensen ME Christensen DL Færch K . Physical activity energy expenditure vs cardiorespiratory fitness level in impaired glucose metabolism . Diabetologia 2015 2709 – 2717 . ( https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-015-3738-x ) 36 Amadid H Johansen

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Angelica Lindén Hirschberg Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.

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and amenorrheic athletes . Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1992 75 514 – 518 . ( https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.75.2.1639953 ) 11 Loucks AB Verdun M Heath EM . Low energy availability, not stress of exercise, alters LH

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Mateo Amaya-Montoya School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia

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Daniela Duarte-Montero School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia

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Luz D Nieves-Barreto School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia

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Angélica Montaño-Rodríguez School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia

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Eddy C Betancourt-Villamizar Team Foods, Bogotá, Colombia

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María P Salazar-Ocampo School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia

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Carlos O Mendivil School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Section of Endocrinology, Bogotá, Colombia

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integrated hormonal control of calcium plasmatic concentration by modifying bone resorption and intestinal absorption ( 2 ). Both micronutrients are fundamental in various stages of bone metabolism across the lifespan. These include fetal bone mineralization

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Patricia Iozzo Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy

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Maria Angela Guzzardi Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy

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( 24 , 25 ). Imaging of the glucose analog 18 F-labeled fluorodeoxyglucose ( 18 FDG) by positron emission tomography (PET) is the gold standard for the assessment of cerebral glucose metabolism in vivo . In this manuscript, we review evidence on

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Sarah Christine Sentis Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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Rebecca Oelkrug Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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Jens Mittag Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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Morgan DA Schoenmakers E Agassandian K Lage R Hypothalamic AMPK and fatty acid metabolism mediate thyroid regulation of energy balance . Nature Medicine 2010 1 6 1001 – 1008 . ( https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.2207 ) 54 López M Alvarez

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M Ahmid Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Royal Hospital for Children, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

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C G Perry Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth University Hospitals, Glasgow, UK

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S F Ahmed Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Royal Hospital for Children, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

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M G Shaikh Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Royal Hospital for Children, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

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, although the evidence base underlying this recommendation is limited ( 8 ). Figure 1 GH–IGF1 axis and actions in bone, muscle and body metabolism. GH secretion is regulated by three peptides: GH-releasing hormone (GHRH), ghrelin-stimulating GH

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Esben Thyssen Vestergaard Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Norrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Norrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Norrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark

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Morten B Krag Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Norrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark

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Morten M Poulsen Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Norrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark

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Steen B Pedersen Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Norrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark

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Niels Moller Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Norrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Norrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark

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Jens Otto Lunde Jorgensen Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Norrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Norrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark

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Niels Jessen Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Norrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Norrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark

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the period from t =120 to t =300 min as the clamp period. Serum RBP4 levels were measured twice each study day: at baseline ( t =−60 min) and during the clamp at t =300 min. Data on glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and energy expenditure

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Bjarke R Medici Department of Medicine, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark

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Birte Nygaard Department of Medicine, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jeppe L la Cour Department of Medicine, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark

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Martin Krakauer Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Andreas Brønden Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Mette P Sonne Department of Medicine, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark

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Jens J Holst Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jens F Rehfeld Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Tina Vilsbøll Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark

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Jens Faber Department of Medicine, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Filip K Knop Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark

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mass index (BMI) ( 4 , 5 ), and several factors have been proposed to contribute to this association such as fluid retention ( 6 ), reduced resting energy expenditure (REE) ( 7 ), and reduction in physical activity ( 8 ). Despite the common assumption

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