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Anette Lundqvist Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

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Herbert Sandström Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

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Torbjörn Bäckström Department of Clinical Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

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Introduction Maternal obesity and excessive weight gain during pregnancy is a condition that increases the risk of several complications for both the mother and the growing fetus, with a risk that the fetus will suffer from a suboptimal

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Luca Persani Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Biagio Cangiano Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Marco Bonomi Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Introduction Central hypothyroidism (CeH) is a rare and heterogenous hypothyroid condition resulting from an insufficient stimulation of an otherwise normal thyroid gland by the hypophyseal thyrotropin hormone (TSH). This loss of central

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Carla Scaroni Dipartimento di Medicina, U.O.C. Endocrinologia, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy

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Nora M Albiger Dipartimento di Medicina, U.O.C. Endocrinologia, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy

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Serena Palmieri Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy

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Davide Iacuaniello Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, Napoli, Italy

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Chiara Graziadio Department of Experimental Medicine, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy

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Luca Damiani Department of Medical Sciences, Endocrinology and Internal Medicine Section, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy

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Marialuisa Zilio Dipartimento di Medicina, U.O.C. Endocrinologia, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy

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Antonio Stigliano Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant’Andrea Hospital, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy

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Annamaria Colao Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, Napoli, Italy

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Rosario Pivonello Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, Napoli, Italy

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the Altogether to Beat Cushing’s Syndrome (ABC) study group
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of the organism to survival ( 1 ). Some common endocrine diseases including obesity, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), poorly controlled diabetes mellitus (DM), chronic alcoholism, and psychiatric disorders may also coincide with HPA axis activation

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Jana Ernst Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany

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Urszula Grabiec Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany

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Kathrin Falk Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany

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Faramarz Dehghani Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany

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Kristina Schaedlich Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany

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Y Geng Y Zhang Q Huang G Ma Q , et al . DEHP induces obesity and hypothyroidism through both central and peripheral pathways in C3H/He mice . Obesity 2016 368 – 378 . ( https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.21359 ) 16 Schmidt JS Schaedlich

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Thorben Hoffmann Department of Pediatrics, and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

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Yousef Ashraf Tawfik Morcos Department of Pediatrics, and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

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Ruth Janoschek Department of Pediatrics, and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

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Eva-Maria Turnwald Department of Pediatrics, and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

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Antje Gerken Department of Pediatrics, and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

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Annette Müller Center for Pediatric Pathology at the University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

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Gerhard Sengle Department of Pediatrics, and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Cologne Center for Musculoskeletal Biomechanics (CCMB), Cologne, Germany

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Jörg Dötsch Department of Pediatrics, and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

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Sarah Appel Department of Pediatrics, and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

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Eva Hucklenbruch-Rother Department of Pediatrics, and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

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hypothalamus, where it stimulates appetite-modulating neurons in the arcuate ( 2 ). Clinical studies showed that circulating asprosin levels positively correlated with obesity and type 2 diabetes ( 3 , 4 ). Pre-clinical studies addressing the therapeutic

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Gaëtan Prévost Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (DC2N), Rouen, France
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
Centre d’Investigation Clinique (CIC-CRB)-INSERM 1404, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France

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Marie Picot Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (DC2N), Rouen, France

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Marie-Anne Le Solliec Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (DC2N), Rouen, France

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Arnaud Arabo Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (DC2N), Rouen, France

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Hind Berrahmoune Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (DC2N), Rouen, France
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
Centre d’Investigation Clinique (CIC-CRB)-INSERM 1404, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France

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Mouna El Mehdi Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (DC2N), Rouen, France

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Saloua Cherifi Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (DC2N), Rouen, France

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Alexandre Benani Center for Taste and Feeding Behaviour, CNRS (UMR6265), INRA (UMR1324), Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon , France

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Emmanuelle Nédélec Center for Taste and Feeding Behaviour, CNRS (UMR6265), INRA (UMR1324), Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon , France

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Françoise Gobet Department of Anatomopathophysiology, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France

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Valéry Brunel Department of Biochemistry, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France

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Jérôme Leprince Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (DC2N), Rouen, France

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Hervé Lefebvre Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (DC2N), Rouen, France
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
Centre d’Investigation Clinique (CIC-CRB)-INSERM 1404, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France

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Youssef Anouar Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (DC2N), Rouen, France

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Nicolas Chartrel Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (DC2N), Rouen, France

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therapeutic targets for the treatment of diabetes and obesity ( 7 , 8 ). 26RFa (also referred to as QRFP) is a hypothalamic neuropeptide discovered concurrently by us and others ( 9 , 10 , 11 ). Subsequently, 26RFa has been characterized in all the

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Alessandra Gambineri Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, St Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Alma Mater University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

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Carla Pelusi Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, St Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Alma Mater University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

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and decrease energy expenditure, whereas they have the opposite effect in males. This central sexual dimorphic effect of androgens probably contributes to abdominal obesity, insulin resistance and T2DM in hyperandrogenic and hypogonadic conditions in

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Laura Chioma Endocrinology Unit, University Pediatric Department, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy

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Carla Bizzarri Endocrinology Unit, University Pediatric Department, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy

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Martina Verzani Endocrinology Unit, University Pediatric Department, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy

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Daniela Fava Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genova, Italy

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Mariacarolina Salerno Paediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy

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Donatella Capalbo Paediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Mother and Child, University Hospital Federico II, Naples, Italy

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Chiara Guzzetti Paediatric Endocrine Unit, Paediatric Hospital Microcitemico ‘A. Cao’, AO Brotzu, Cagliari, Italy

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Laura Penta Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy

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Luigi Di Luigi Endocrinology Unit, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome ‘Foro Italico’, Rome, Italy

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Natascia di Iorgi Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genova, Italy

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Mohamad Maghnie Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genova, Italy

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Sandro Loche Paediatric Endocrine Unit, Paediatric Hospital Microcitemico ‘A. Cao’, AO Brotzu, Cagliari, Italy

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Marco Cappa Endocrinology Unit, University Pediatric Department, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy

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Fernandois D Velasco I Rodriguez-Vazquez E Roa J Vazquez MJ Ruiz-Pino F Rubio M Pineda R Central ceramide signaling mediates obesity-induced precocious puberty . Cell Metabolism 2020 32 951 .e8 – 966.e8 . ( https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2020

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Teodoro Durá-Travé Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
Department of Pediatrics, Navarra Hospital Complex, Pamplona, Spain
Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdisNA), Pamplona, Spain

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Fidel Gallinas-Victoriano Department of Pediatrics, Navarra Hospital Complex, Pamplona, Spain

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María Malumbres-Chacon Department of Pediatrics, Navarra Hospital Complex, Pamplona, Spain

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Lotfi Ahmed-Mohamed Department of Pediatrics, Navarra Hospital Complex, Pamplona, Spain

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María Jesús Chueca -Guindulain Department of Pediatrics, Navarra Hospital Complex, Pamplona, Spain
Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdisNA), Pamplona, Spain

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Sara Berrade-Zubiri Department of Pediatrics, Navarra Hospital Complex, Pamplona, Spain
Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdisNA), Pamplona, Spain

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Introduction Central precocious puberty (CPP) is defined as the premature activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis (HPG) with the onset of breast development before 8 years of age in girls and an increase in testicular size in

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Hong-Fa Yan College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China

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Zhao-Yu Liu College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China

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Zhi-Ang Guan College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China

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Chuang Guo College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China

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associated oxidative stress are linked to the development of obesity-associated metabolic disturbances, including T2DM ( 5 ), metabolic syndrome ( 6 ), central adiposity and cardiovascular disease ( 7 ). Iron has been shown to be accumulated in the liver and

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