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Xiujuan Su Department of Women & Children’s Health Care, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Yan Zhao Department of Women & Children’s Health Care, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Zhijuan Cao Department of Women & Children’s Health Care, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Yingying Yang Department of Women & Children’s Health Care, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Tony Duan Department of Obstetrics, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Jing Hua Department of Women & Children’s Health Care, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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disease varies widely in its subtypes and populations ( 6 , 7 ). A systematic review reported that pooled prevalence of thyroid dysfunction, using the 97.5th percentile as an upper limit for TSH, ranges from 0.5 to 3.5% in different subtypes ( 8

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Stefan M Constantinescu Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium

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Thierry Duprez Department of Radiology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium

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Edward Fomekong Department of Neurosurgery, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium

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Christian Raftopoulos Department of Neurosurgery, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium

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Orsalia Alexopoulou Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium

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Dominique Maiter Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium

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LH and FSH; and in menopausal women, by the absence of elevation of LH and FSH. Thyrotropin deficiency was defined by a low free T4 concentration combined with nonelevated TSH levels. Corticotropic deficiency was defined by a low morning cortisol

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Christin Krause Epigenetics & Metabolism, Medical Department I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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Martina Grohs Epigenetics & Metabolism, Medical Department I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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Alexander T El Gammal Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany

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Stefan Wolter Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany

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Hendrik Lehnert Medical Department I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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Oliver Mann Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany

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Jens Mittag Molecular Endocrinology, Medical Department I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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Henriette Kirchner Epigenetics & Metabolism, Medical Department I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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according to the DIN EN ISO 15189:2014 certification. Glucose, cholesterol, HDL and triglycerides were determined using photometric assays, HbA1c was quantified using capillary electrophoresis or turbidimetric inhibition assays and folic acid and TSH were

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Jan Calissendorff Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

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Henrik Falhammar Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

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30 days who developed serious hyperthyroidism ( 8 ). In untreated hyperthyroidism 0.5 mL (375 mg) daily treatment with LS significantly reduces both free thyroxine (FT4) and free triiodothyronine (FT3) within 5–10 days, while TSH remains below the

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Sahar Hossam El Hini Diabetes and Endocrinology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt

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Yehia Zakaria Mahmoud Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt

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Ahmed Abdelfadel Saedii Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt

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Sayed Shehata Mahmoud Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt

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Mohamed Ahmed Amin Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt

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Shereen Riad Mahmoud Diabetes and Endocrinology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt

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Ragaa Abdelshaheed Matta Diabetes and Endocrinology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt

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-stimulating hormone (TSH) >4.5 IU/L with normal serum-free T4 (FT4) at least 3 months prior to the commencement of the study. The subjects that regained euthyroid state within this period were excluded. Diagnosis of OH was made among subjects with TSH >4.5 IU/mL and

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Ayse Nurcan Cebeci Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Friedrich-Alexander University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany

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Vera Schempp Paediatric Endocrinology, University Hospital, Bonn, Germany

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Katharina Förtsch Paediatric Endocrinology, University Hospital, Düsseldorf, Germany

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Bettina Gohlke Paediatric Endocrinology, University Hospital, Bonn, Germany

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Michaela Marx Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Friedrich-Alexander University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany

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Helmuth-Guenther Dörr Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Friedrich-Alexander University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany

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Joachim Woelfle Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Friedrich-Alexander University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany

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definitive treatment for these patients should be introduced. A recent study found that TSH levels might normalise notably from the second year of treatment in patients with DS and GD ( 14 ). Our study aimed to evaluate clinical features, course, and

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Susana Pastor Grup de Mutagènesi, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Servei de Medicina Nuclear, Unidad de Endocrinología, Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
Grup de Mutagènesi, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Servei de Medicina Nuclear, Unidad de Endocrinología, Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain

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Abdelmounaim Akdi Grup de Mutagènesi, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Servei de Medicina Nuclear, Unidad de Endocrinología, Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain

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Eddy R González Grup de Mutagènesi, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Servei de Medicina Nuclear, Unidad de Endocrinología, Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain

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Juan Castell Grup de Mutagènesi, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Servei de Medicina Nuclear, Unidad de Endocrinología, Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain

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Josefina Biarnés Grup de Mutagènesi, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Servei de Medicina Nuclear, Unidad de Endocrinología, Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain

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Ricard Marcos Grup de Mutagènesi, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Servei de Medicina Nuclear, Unidad de Endocrinología, Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
Grup de Mutagènesi, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Servei de Medicina Nuclear, Unidad de Endocrinología, Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain

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Antonia Velázquez Grup de Mutagènesi, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Servei de Medicina Nuclear, Unidad de Endocrinología, Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
Grup de Mutagènesi, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Servei de Medicina Nuclear, Unidad de Endocrinología, Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain

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genetic variants associated with low levels of TSH and increased thyroid cancer risk suggest the role of thyroid-related hormones in thyroid cancer susceptibility (15) , including thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) and TSH receptor (TSHR), which are key

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Vanderlan O Batista Division of Psychiatry, Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil

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Michael Kellner Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany and Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany

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Roberto Salvatori Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

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Walter Lisboa Department of Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil

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André Faro Postgraduate Program in Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil

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Lucas B Santos Division of Endocrinology, Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil

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Enaldo V Melo Statistics division, Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil

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Alécia A Oliveira-Santos Division of Endocrinology, Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil

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Carla R P Oliveira Division of Endocrinology, Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil

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Viviane C Campos Division of Endocrinology, Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil

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Cynthia S Barros-Oliveira Division of Endocrinology, Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil

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Elenilde G Santos Division of Endocrinology, Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil

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Nathalie O Santana Division of Endocrinology, Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil

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Keila R Villar-Gouy Division of Endocrinology, Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil

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Ângela C Leal Division of Endocrinology, Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil

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Rivia S Amorim Division of Geriatrics, Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil

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Davi A Oliveira Simões Division of Endocrinology, Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil

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Manuel H Aguiar-Oliveira Division of Endocrinology, Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil

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University Hospital. TSH, free T4, HIV, syphilis serology, and vitamin B12 were measured by standard techniques. LICA administration We translated the English version of the previously published and validated South Korean LICA model ( 25 , 26 ) into

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Xingyao Tang Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University

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Zhi-Hui Song Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Dawei Wang General Practice Department, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Jinkui Yang Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Marly Augusto Cardoso Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Jian-Bo Zhou Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Rafael Simó Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain

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diagnosis of thyroid dysfunction, the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (also known as thyrotropin) concentration was also measured as a risk factor for dementia ( 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ). Another meta-analysis combined 11 studies and found that TSH

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Carmen Sydlik Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine Inn-Salzach-Rott, Altoetting, Germany

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Ilja Dubinski Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany

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Susanne Bechtold Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany

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Heinrich Schmidt Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany

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Introduction Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is generally regarded as a standard parameter for the evaluation of thyroid function. However, in several conditions relying on TSH levels alone can be misleading, for instance in central

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