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Ann-Kristin Picke Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany

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Graeme Campbell Institute of Biomechanics, TUHH Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany

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Nicola Napoli Diabetes and Bone Network, Department Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA

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Lorenz C Hofbauer Department of Medicine III & Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany

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Martina Rauner Department of Medicine III & Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany

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complications, the increased risk for fragility fractures has recently been recognized as an important complication of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T1DM, T2DM) ( 3 , 4 , 5 ). While type 1 diabetics have low bone mineral density and a six- to

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Run-Qing Xiong Department of Ultrasonic Imaging, Xiamen Medical College Affiliated Second Hospital, Fujian, China

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Yan-Ping Li Key Laboratory of Functional and Clinical Translational Medicine, Fujian Province University, Xiamen Medical College, Fujian, China

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Lu-Ping Lin Department of Endocrinology, Xiamen Medical College Affiliated Second Hospital, Fujian, China

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Jeng-Yuan Yao Key Laboratory of Functional and Clinical Translational Medicine, Fujian Province University, Xiamen Medical College, Fujian, China

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Introduction Diabetes mellitus, particularly type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), is a global health issue affecting millions of individuals worldwide, with its prevalence continually escalating ( 1 ). T2DM is associated with a multitude of

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Maria Stelmachowska-Banaś Department of Endocrinology, The Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Polska, Poland

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Izabella Czajka-Oraniec Department of Endocrinology, The Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Polska, Poland

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. (1) Atz, atezolizumab; Ave, avelumab; CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein-4; DM, diabetes mellitus; ICIs, immune checkpoint inhibitors; Ipi, ipilimumab; irAEs, immune-related adverse events; NA, not available; Niv, nivolumab

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Xiangyu Gao Department of Endocrinology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Wanwan Sun Department of Endocrinology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Yi Wang Department of Endocrinology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Yawen Zhang Department of Endocrinology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Rumei Li Department of Endocrinology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Jinya Huang Department of Endocrinology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Yehong Yang Department of Endocrinology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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). Historically, based on positivity of islet autoantibodies, diabetes mellitus had been classified into two clinical types: type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) ( 3 , 4 ). The progressive destruction of islet β cell mass caused by islet autoimmunity

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A V Dreval
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I V Trigolosova
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I V Misnikova
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Y A Kovalyova
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R S Tishenina
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I A Barsukov
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A V Vinogradova
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B H R Wolffenbuttel Moscow Regional Scientific Research Clinical Institute, Department of Endocrinology, 61/2 Shepkina str., 129110 Moscow, Russia

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prevalence of T2DM in the general population (14.3%, Table 1 ). When we analysed the results of the OGTT performed in those not known to have diabetes, we observed a higher prevalence of newly diagnosed diabetes and ECMDs in patients with acromegaly compared

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Ozlem Atan Sahin Department of Pediatrics, Acıbadem University School of Medicine, Atasehir, Istanbul, Turkey

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Damla Goksen Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey

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Aysel Ozpinar Department of Biochemistry, Acıbadem University, School of Medicine, Atasehir, Istanbul, Turkey

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Muhittin Serdar Department of Biochemistry, Acıbadem University, School of Medicine, Atasehir, Istanbul, Turkey

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Huseyin Onay Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey

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noticed in previous studies that focused on association of VDR gene polymorphisms with increased susceptibility to T1DM in Taiwanese, Japanese, South Asian (Indian) and German populations ( 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ). Taq I polymorphism among type 1 DM

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Ziting Liang Department of Respiratory, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
Department of Respiratory, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Jinan, China

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Mengge Yang Department of Respiratory, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
Department of Respiratory, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Jinan, China

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Changjuan Xu Department of Respiratory, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
Department of Respiratory, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Jinan, China

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Rong Zeng Department of Respiratory, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
Department of Respiratory, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Jinan, China

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Liang Dong Department of Respiratory, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
Department of Respiratory, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Jinan, China

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concurrent DM and COPD; (4) reported at least one clinical outcome among COPD-related hospitalizations, all-cause mortality, and hyperlactatemia. The exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) animal or in vitro research; (2) reviews, letters to the editor, or

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Yinqiong Huang Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China

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Zhaozhao Zhu Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
Department of Endocrinology, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China

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Zhiqin Huang Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China

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Jingxiong Zhou Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China

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levels in type 2 diabetic patients (T2DM) correlated with the incidence and severity of diabetic retinopathy ( 11 ). In this study, we aimed to investigate the correlation between serum TMAO levels and DKD in T2DM patients and then tried to explore that

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T Grimmichova Institute of Endocrinology, Narodni, Prague, Czech Republic
2nd Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady and Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Srobarova, Prague, Czech Republic

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M Haluzik Institute of Endocrinology, Narodni, Prague, Czech Republic
Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKEM), Videnska, Prague, Czech Republic

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K Vondra Institute of Endocrinology, Narodni, Prague, Czech Republic

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P Matucha Institute of Endocrinology, Narodni, Prague, Czech Republic

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M Hill Institute of Endocrinology, Narodni, Prague, Czech Republic

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receptor antibodies (TRAbs), calcitonin, glucose, C-peptide, and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) were taken. The patients were sorted to groups of prediabetes (PDM) ( n  = 55; 7.5%), type 2 diabetes (T2DM) ( n  = 79; 10.9%) or a non-diabetic group (NDM) ( n  = 588

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Yu Ah Hong Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Kyung-Do Han Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Jae-Seung Yun Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Eun Sil Sil Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Seung-Hyun Ko Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Sungjin Chung Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Introduction Diabetic nephropathy is a major microvascular complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), and in many countries of the world, it is the major cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) ( 1 , 2 , 3 ). Identification of high

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