Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London Medical School, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Makarios Children's Hospital, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Sussex Community NHS Trust, Brighton, UK
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Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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The University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
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Birthweight Apgar Postnatal complications – hypoglycaemia Genetics Results of DNA analysis Infancy Feeding difficulties – faltering growth, tube feeding Growth Axial hypotonia Crying – abnormal/none Presence
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Johnson MB Caswell R Laver TW Lango Allen H Hussain K Ellard S. A CACNA1D mutation in a patient with persistent hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia, heart defects, and severe hypotonia . Pediatric Diabetes 2017 18 320 – 323 . ( https://doi.org/10
Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Department of Medicine, Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk, Denmark
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Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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secretion and reactive hypoglycaemia in polycystic ovary syndrome . Endocrine Connections 2017 267 – 277 . ( https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-17-0034 ) 28432082 32 Morin-Papunen LC Vauhkonen I Koivunen RM Ruokonen A Martikainen HK Tapanainen JS
Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Metabolic and Renal Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT- The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø
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recommend glucose control corresponding to HbA1c around 53 mmol/mol (7%), provided good quality of life is maintained without causing repeated or even severe episodes of hypoglycaemia ( 20 , 21 ). The risk for severe hypoglycaemic episodes increases when
CEB – Centro de Engenharia Biológica, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal
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CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde & Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, Gandra, Portugal
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, the complications of type 1 diabetes ( 23 ). Despite these advances, type 1 diabetes is still associated with a high medical, psychological and financial burden. Hypoglycaemia and ketoacidosis remain life-threatening complications, as well as an
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to gastrin-stimulated increased secretion of gastric acid or asymptomatic elevated gastrin levels. Insulinomas are the second most common functional pancreatic tumour and can precipitate hypoglycaemia. The tumours are often small and varied. The age
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Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine (LICAMM), University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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alternately with failure of pubertal progression and in adults with symptoms of sex steroid deficiency and subfertility. ACTH deficiency presents similarly in children and adults, though hypoglycaemia generally only occurs in children. The presentation of TSH
Zealand Pharma A/S, Søborg, Denmark
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Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
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, substrate availability, and the autonomic nervous system. Potent regulators of glucagon secretion include hypoglycaemia, insulin, and certain amino acids ( 4 , 5 ). A feedback loop between the liver and the pancreas, the liver–α-cell axis, controls amino
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-82 years, in relation to those in healthy subjects . Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1999 84 2013 – 2019 . ( https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.84.6.5793 ) 44 Lee P Greenfield JR & Ho KK . Factors determining inadequate hypoglycaemia
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Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
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-018-4581-y 147 Schopman JE Simon ACR Hoefnagel SJM Hoekstra JBL Scholten RJPM Holleman F. The incidence of mild and severe hypoglycaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with sulfonylureas: a systematic review and meta