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Giuseppe Grande Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy

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Andrea Graziani Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

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Antonella Di Mambro Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy

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Riccardo Selice Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy

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Alberto Ferlin Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

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indirectly through the estrogen receptor (ER) after the transformation of testosterone to estradiol by the aromatase enzyme ( 32 , 37 ). In detail, testosterone modulates bone metabolism throughout life in males ( 38 ). The increase in the production of

Article Type:
Review Article
Collections:
Reproduction
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-23-0058
Volume/Issue:
Volume 12: Issue 8
Open access
Johanna Öberg Tromso Endocrine Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway

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Rolf Jorde Tromso Endocrine Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway

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Yngve Figenschau Tromso Endocrine Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway
Diagnostic Clinic, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromso, Norway

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Per Medbøe Thorsby Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biochemical Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Group, Oslo University Hospital, Aker, Oslo, Norway

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Sandra Rinne Dahl Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biochemical Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Group, Oslo University Hospital, Aker, Oslo, Norway

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Anne Winther Division of Neurosciences, Orthopedics and Rehabilitation Services, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromso, Norway

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Guri Grimnes Tromso Endocrine Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway
Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromso, Norway

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hormonal contraceptives (CHC), which includes an estrogenic component, has been consistently reported ( 3 , 11 ). Several tissues, including the parathyroid gland, can utilize DBP-bound 25(OH)D, possibly modifying the significance of free 25(OH)D levels

Article Type:
Research Article
Collections:
Bone and Mineral Metabolism
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-21-0395
Volume/Issue:
Volume 11: Issue 3
Open access
Ping Li Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Fei Cheng Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Lei Xiu Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Characteristics of included studies. Author Publication Design Country Interventions (dose) Controls (dose) Patients, no. Duration of treatment (years) Age at starting GH (year) Age at starting estrogen (year) Outcome measures

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-18-0115
Volume/Issue:
Volume 7: Issue 4
Open access
Jiaxin Zhang Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Jinlan Jiang Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Yao Qin School of Public Health, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Yihui Zhang Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Yungang Wu Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Huadong Xu School of Public Health, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China

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that estrogen is strongly related to osteoporosis, and estrogen deficiency can lead to increased apoptosis on osteoblast, bone loss, and osteoporosis ( 7 , 31 ). We speculated that it might be related to changes in sex hormone levels after menopause

Article Type:
Research Article
Collections:
Bone and Mineral Metabolism
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-22-0461
Volume/Issue:
Volume 12: Issue 2
Open access
Renea A Taylor Department of Physiology, Cancer Program and Obesity and Metabolic Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Wellington Road, Victoria 3800, Australia

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Jennifer Lo Department of Physiology, Cancer Program and Obesity and Metabolic Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Wellington Road, Victoria 3800, Australia

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Natasha Ascui Department of Physiology, Cancer Program and Obesity and Metabolic Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Wellington Road, Victoria 3800, Australia

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Matthew J Watt Department of Physiology, Cancer Program and Obesity and Metabolic Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Wellington Road, Victoria 3800, Australia

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major driver of prostate cancer growth and progression, and thus androgen-deprivation therapy is the standard of care for advanced disease. In addition to androgens, the prostate is also an estrogen-regulated organ and there is a body of evidence that

Article Type:
Review Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-15-0080
Volume/Issue:
Volume 4: Issue 4
Open access
Petar Milovanovic Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
Laboratory for Anthropology and Skeletal Biology, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

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Björn Busse Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany

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osteocyte death also occurs due to hormonal reasons, such as estrogen deficiency or corticosteroid excess ( 38 , 39 , 45 ). Moreover, osteocyte death may be caused by mechanical factors ( 36 , 46 ), but the relationship between mechanical loading and

Article Type:
Review Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-19-0531
Volume/Issue:
Volume 9: Issue 4
Open access
Keina Nishio Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki-city, Osaka 569-8686, Japan

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Akiko Tanabe Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki-city, Osaka 569-8686, Japan

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Risa Maruoka Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki-city, Osaka 569-8686, Japan

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Kiyoko Nakamura Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki-city, Osaka 569-8686, Japan

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Masaaki Takai Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki-city, Osaka 569-8686, Japan

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Tatsuharu Sekijima Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki-city, Osaka 569-8686, Japan

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Satoshi Tunetoh Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki-city, Osaka 569-8686, Japan

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Yoshito Terai Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki-city, Osaka 569-8686, Japan

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Masahide Ohmichi Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki-city, Osaka 569-8686, Japan

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adjuvant therapies. Recent prospective study demonstrated that estrogen replacement therapy reduced osteoporotic fractures in women with surgical menopause (28) . Therefore, estrogen replacement therapy may prevent some degree of such bone mineral loss

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-12-0043
Volume/Issue:
Volume 2: Issue 1
Open access
Katarzyna Wyskida Health Promotion and Obesity Management Unit, Department of Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty of Silesia in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland

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Grzegorz Franik Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Medical Faculty of Silesia in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland

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Tomasz Wikarek Department of Gynecology, Medical Faculty of Silesia in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland

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Aleksander Owczarek Department of Statistics, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland

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Alham Delroba Health Promotion and Obesity Management Unit, Department of Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty of Silesia in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland

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Jerzy Chudek Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty of Silesia in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland

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Jerzy Sikora Department of Perinatology and Gynecology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland

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Magdalena Olszanecka-Glinianowicz Health Promotion and Obesity Management Unit, Department of Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty of Silesia in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland

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Introduction It has been shown that the levels of different adipokines, such as leptin, adiponectin, resistin, vaspin, omentin-1 and RBP4 are higher in women than those in men ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ), and that estrogens stimulate

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-17-0186
Volume/Issue:
Volume 6: Issue 8
Open access
Daiki Kobayashi Division of General Internal Medicine Department of Medicine, St. Luke’s International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
Department of Epidemiology St. Luke’s International University Graduate School of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
Fujita Health University Toyoake, Japan

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Nagato Kuriyama Department of Epidemiology for Community Health and Medicine Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan

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Keita Hirano Department of Nephrology Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan

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Osamu Takahashi Division of General Internal Medicine Department of Medicine, St. Luke’s International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
Department of Epidemiology St. Luke’s International University Graduate School of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan

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Hiroshi Noto Department of Endocrinology St. Luke’s International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan

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malignancies. Previous studies have reported that diabetic patients have higher levels of estrogens than nondiabetic patients due to high levels of insulin and insulin resistance ( 29 , 30 ). This elevated estrogens may cause specific cancers, such as uterine

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-18-0355
Volume/Issue:
Volume 7: Issue 12
Open access
Yiyan Wang Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Yaoyao Dong Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Yinghui Fang Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Yao Lv Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Qiqi Zhu Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Xiaoheng Li Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Qingquan Lian Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Ren-Shan Ge Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Introduction Diethylstilbestrol (DES) ( Fig. 1 ) is a potent synthetic estrogen ( 1 ), as its relative binding affinity to rat estrogen receptors being three-fold higher than that of the natural ligand 17β-estradiol ( 2 ). DES was once

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-19-0288
Volume/Issue:
Volume 8: Issue 7
Open access