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this treatment that suggest it represents a model of ACTH-dependent Cushings. These responses include raised urinary corticosterone to levels which are outwith normal circadian rhythms, thymic involution, hypertension and fluid and electrolyte imbalance
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signals. As the secretion capacity of leptin differs within different fat depots depending on the age, gender, and circadian rhythm, the likelihood that leptin represents a true ponderostat signal is low (79, 80, 81, 82) . Recent studies have demonstrated
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Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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acknowledged. Enzymatic activities were estimated by ratios of metabolites in morning urine, which estimate activity only globally. Since cortisol is secreted in a circadian rhythm, a 24-h-urine sample would have been preferred. In addition, both short- and
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pulses is increased by acute reductions of ionized calcium, with a return to equilibrium about 2 h following a PTH pulse ( 10 ). A circadian rhythm of PTH has also been described, with a pronounced peak in the early morning, a nadir in the late morning
Endocrinology Department, University Hospital in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
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Endocrinology Department, University Hospital in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
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Endocrinology Department, University Hospital in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
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circumference, and increased abdominal fat and leptin values ( 76 , 91 ). The probable mechanisms beyond weight gain in patients with PTHP include altered function of hypothalamic nuclei, which control energy homeostasis, changes in circadian rhythms, mood
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Department of Endocrinology, Mediclinic Airport Road Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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circadian rhythm through chronotherapy ( 46 ) hold the future promise of reduction of the observed side-effects. A significant proportion of PAI in SSA was suggested as being secondary to underlying AIDS and tuberculosis, whereas in the MENA region these
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Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
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School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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of s-cortisol and the high-dose (250 µg) synachten test were performed at 08:00 h, it is possible that variations in individual circadian rhythms could have resulted in false-negative results. Moreover, the use of the synacthen test rather than the
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; problems with the oral mucosa or saliva; current pregnancy; abnormal circadian rhythm (not sleeping at night between 00:30 and 05:00 h). The study was approved by the local ethics committee in Umeå (Dnr 2018-162-31M). Written informed consent was obtained
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statistical power for single SNP analyses. Further, time at blood sampling was not standardised, but the secretion of TSH is related to a circadian rhythm showing higher values in the morning and a decrease at noon ( 62 ). Conclusion To our knowledge
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the form of immediate-release hydrocortisone fails to replicate the physiological cortisol circadian rhythm, and together with the uncertainties of GC dose adjustment and the absence of reliable biomarkers, patients receiving GC therapy may be over- or