Sherwin Criseno
Sherwin Criseno
Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
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Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
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Helena Gleeson
Helena Gleeson
Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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Andrew A Toogood
Andrew A Toogood
Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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Neil Gittoes
Neil Gittoes
Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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Anne Topping
Anne Topping
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
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Niki Karavitaki
Niki Karavitaki
Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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that in healthy individuals, GH and IGF-1 secretions decrease with advancing age ( 25 ). To date, the optimal duration of GH treatment in adults with GHD has not been established, as it remains unclear if its beneficial effects are sustained in the long
Vita Birzniece
Vita Birzniece
School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Blacktown Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
Garvan Institute of Medical Research, New South Wales, Australia
School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
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Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Blacktown Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
Garvan Institute of Medical Research, New South Wales, Australia
School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
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Teresa Lam
Teresa Lam
School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Blacktown Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Westmead Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
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Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Blacktown Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Westmead Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
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Mark McLean
Mark McLean
School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Blacktown Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
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Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Blacktown Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
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Navneeta Reddy
Navneeta Reddy
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Blacktown Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
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Haleh Shahidipour
Haleh Shahidipour
School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Blacktown Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
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Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Blacktown Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
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Amy Hayden
Amy Hayden
School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia
Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre, Westmead Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
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Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia
Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre, Westmead Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
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Howard Gurney
Howard Gurney
Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre, Westmead Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
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Glenn Stone
Glenn Stone
School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematics, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
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Rikke Hjortebjerg
Rikke Hjortebjerg
Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital & Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital & Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital & Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital & Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Jan Frystyk
Jan Frystyk
Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital & Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital & Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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poorer cancer prognosis ( 1 , 2 ). Chronic hyperinsulinemia may stimulate carcinogenesis either directly through the insulin receptor or indirectly through insulin-like growth factor receptors (IGF-1Rs). Recent evidence indicates that the anti
Sumana Chatterjee
Sumana Chatterjee
Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Emily Cottrell
Emily Cottrell
Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Stephen J Rose
Stephen J Rose
Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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Talat Mushtaq
Talat Mushtaq
The Leeds Teaching Hospital NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
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Avinaash V Maharaj
Avinaash V Maharaj
Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Jack Williams
Jack Williams
Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Martin O Savage
Martin O Savage
Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Louise A Metherell
Louise A Metherell
Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Helen L Storr
Helen L Storr
Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Introduction Growth hormone insensitivity (GHI) is characterised by growth failure, IGF1 deficiency and normal or elevated GH levels. GHI encompasses a spectrum of genetic, phenotypic and biochemical abnormalities associated with growth
Charlotte Höybye
Charlotte Höybye
Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetology, Karolinska University Hospital and Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Andreas F H Pfeiffer
Andreas F H Pfeiffer
Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Klinik für Endokrinologie & Stoffwechselmedizin, Berlin, Germany
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Diego Ferone
Diego Ferone
IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Università di Genova – Endocrinologia DiMI, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, & CEBR, Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica, Genova, Italy
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Jens Sandahl Christiansen
Jens Sandahl Christiansen
Medicinsk Endokrinologist Afd., MEA, NBG, Århus Sygehus, Århus, Denmark
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David Gilfoyle
David Gilfoyle
Ascendis Pharma A/S, Hellerup, Denmark
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Eva Dam Christoffersen
Eva Dam Christoffersen
Ascendis Pharma A/S, Hellerup, Denmark
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Eva Mortensen
Eva Mortensen
Ascendis Pharma Inc., Palo Alto, California, USA
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Jonathan A Leff
Jonathan A Leff
Ascendis Pharma Inc., Palo Alto, California, USA
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Michael Beckert
Michael Beckert
Ascendis Pharma A/S, Hellerup, Denmark
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with insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), leads to abnormal body composition and metabolism as well as psychological impairment ( 1 , 2 ). Left untreated, AGHD is associated with decreased bone mineral density, increased risk of cardiovascular
Kevin C J Yuen
Kevin C J Yuen
Departments of Neuroendocrinology and Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, University of Arizona College of Medicine and Creighton School of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona, United States
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Gudmundur Johannsson
Gudmundur Johannsson
Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Ken K Y Ho
Ken K Y Ho
The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Bradley S Miller
Bradley S Miller
Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Minnesota Medical School, M Health Fairview Masonic Children’s Hospital, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
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Ignacio Bergada
Ignacio Bergada
Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET-FEI-División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Alan D Rogol
Alan D Rogol
Pediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
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). The exceptions when re-testing is generally not required are in patients with genetic/congenital defects, irreversible hypothalamic–pituitary lesions, and in those with panhypopituitarism and low serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) levels ( 4
Cecilia Follin
Cecilia Follin
Department of Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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Sven Karlsson
Sven Karlsson
Department of Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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diabetes and hypertension ( 3 , 4 ). The aims of treatment for acromegaly are to control/reduce tumour size, normalise GH and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels and to improve comorbidities. Current treatments consist of surgery, medical therapy
Marie Reeberg Sass
Marie Reeberg Sass
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Nicolai Jacob Wewer Albrechtsen
Nicolai Jacob Wewer Albrechtsen
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Jens Pedersen
Jens Pedersen
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Nordsjællands University Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark
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Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Nordsjællands University Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark
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Kristine Juul Hare
Kristine Juul Hare
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Nis Borbye-Lorenzen
Nis Borbye-Lorenzen
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Center for Neonatal Screening, Department of Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Center for Neonatal Screening, Department of Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Katalin Kiss
Katalin Kiss
Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Tina Vilsbøll
Tina Vilsbøll
Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
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Filip Krag Knop
Filip Krag Knop
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
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Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
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Steen Seier Poulsen
Steen Seier Poulsen
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Niklas Rye Jørgensen
Niklas Rye Jørgensen
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Jens Juul Holst
Jens Juul Holst
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Cathrine Ørskov
Cathrine Ørskov
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Bolette Hartmann
Bolette Hartmann
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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resorption ( 6 ). Finally, we studied the expression of insulin receptors ( INSR ), insulin-like growth factor 1 receptors ( IGF1R ), and insulin-like growth factor 2 receptors ( IGF2R ) in the parathyroid gland on formalin fixed, paraffin embedded (FFPE
B Shahida
B Shahida
Department of Clinical Sciences, Genomics, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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P Sahlstrand Johnson
P Sahlstrand Johnson
Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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R Jain
R Jain
Department of Clinical Sciences, Genomics, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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H Brorson
H Brorson
Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
Department of Plastic Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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Department of Plastic Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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P Åsman
P Åsman
Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Ophthalmology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
Department of Ophthalmology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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Department of Ophthalmology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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M Lantz
M Lantz
Department of Clinical Sciences, Genomics, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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T Planck
T Planck
Department of Clinical Sciences, Genomics, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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as an autoantigen and is expressed by both preadipocytes and adipocytes in orbital tissue ( 1 , 2 ) as well as in the thyroid. Other autoantigens, such as the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) receptor have been suggested to be involved in the
Robert Rapaport
Robert Rapaport
Division of Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetes, Mount Sinai Kravis Children’s Hospital and Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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Jan M Wit
Jan M Wit
Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Martin O Savage
Martin O Savage
Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, London, UK
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a sensitive marker of illness ( 2 ). Understanding the physiology of linear growth initially focused on the growth hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 axis as the key regulatory process ( 3 ). However, the development of genetic studies
Jin Kyu Oh
Jin Kyu Oh
Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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Young Jae Im
Young Jae Im
Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Kwanjin Park
Kwanjin Park
Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Jae-Seung Paick
Jae-Seung Paick
Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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underlying molecular mechanisms have not been described, the GH–insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) axis is a proactive mediator of the actions of testosterone and its potent derivative dihydrotestosterone. Accordingly, stimulation of IGF1 signalling
