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Wenjun Long Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China

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Tuo Zhou Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China

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Xiuping Xuan Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China

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Qiuli Cao Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China

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Zuojie Luo Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China

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Yingfen Qin Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China

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Qin Ning Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China

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Xiaoping Luo Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China

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Xuemei Xie Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China

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room temperature and then incubated with primary antibodies including LRP6 (1:1000 dilution; Abcam), β-catenin (1:2000 dilution; Abcam), P70S6K (1:2000 dilution; Abcam), IGF-1R (1:500 dilution; Abcam), IR (1:1000 dilution; Cell Signaling Technology

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Mette Marie Baunsgaard Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Anne Sophie Lind Helligsoe Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Louise Tram Henriksen Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Torben Stamm Mikkelsen Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Michael Callesen Department of Paediatrics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Funen, Denmark

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Britta Weber The Danish Center for Particle Therapy, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Henrik Hasle Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Niels Birkebæk Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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, GHD can be monitored by linear growth. However, assessment of linear growth is of no use when final height has been reached. Furthermore, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) has been questioned as a reliable biochemical proxy marker of GHD in CR

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Ursula M M Costa Division of Cardiology, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE 49060-100, Brazil

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Carla R P Oliveira Division of Cardiology, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE 49060-100, Brazil

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Roberto Salvatori Division of Cardiology, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE 49060-100, Brazil

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José A S Barreto-Filho Division of Cardiology, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE 49060-100, Brazil

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Viviane C Campos Division of Cardiology, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE 49060-100, Brazil

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Francielle T Oliveira Division of Cardiology, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE 49060-100, Brazil

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Ivina E S Rocha Division of Cardiology, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE 49060-100, Brazil

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Joselina L M Oliveira Division of Cardiology, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE 49060-100, Brazil

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Wersley A Silva Division of Cardiology, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE 49060-100, Brazil

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Manuel H Aguiar-Oliveira Division of Cardiology, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE 49060-100, Brazil

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Introduction Growth hormone (GH) and its principal mediator insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) have important effects not only on the acquisition of normal body size, but also on metabolic and cardiovascular (CV) status (1) . GH and IGF1 have

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Alessandro Ciresi Section of Endocrinology, Biomedical Department of Internal and Specialist Medicine (DIBIMIS), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy

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Stefano Radellini Section of Endocrinology, Biomedical Department of Internal and Specialist Medicine (DIBIMIS), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy

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Valentina Guarnotta Section of Endocrinology, Biomedical Department of Internal and Specialist Medicine (DIBIMIS), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy

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Maria Grazia Mineo Section of Endocrinology, Biomedical Department of Internal and Specialist Medicine (DIBIMIS), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy

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Carla Giordano Section of Endocrinology, Biomedical Department of Internal and Specialist Medicine (DIBIMIS), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy

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one of the most influential regulators of growth hormone (GH) secretion and action, with different mechanisms ( 2 ). Androgens and estrogens exert opposite endocrine-mediated effects on insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I production and metabolic

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Sylvain Roumeau CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Service d’Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et Maladies Métaboliques, Clermont-Ferrand, France
Université Clermont Auvergne, Faculté de Médecine, Clermont-Ferrand, France

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Joannice Thevenon CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service d’Odontologie, Clermont-Ferrand, France

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Lemlih Ouchchane Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, ISIT, Clermont-Ferrand, France
CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Biostatistiques, Clermont-Ferrand, France

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Salwan Maqdasy Université Clermont Auvergne, Faculté de Médecine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Service d’Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et Maladies Métaboliques, Clermont-Ferrand, France
Laboratoire GReD: UMR Université Clermont Auvergne-CNRS 6293, INSERM U1103, Clermont-Ferrand, France

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Marie Batisse-Lignier CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Service d’Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et Maladies Métaboliques, Clermont-Ferrand, France
Laboratoire GReD: UMR Université Clermont Auvergne-CNRS 6293, INSERM U1103, Clermont-Ferrand, France

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Christian Duale Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, France
CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Inserm CIC 1405, Clermont-Ferrand, France

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Nathalie Pham Dang Université Clermont Auvergne, Faculté de Médecine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, France
CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Service de chirurgie maxillo-faciale, Clermont-Ferrand, France

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Philippe Caron CHU Larrey-Rangueil, Service Endocrinologie et Maladies Métaboliques, Pôle Cardio-Vasculaire et Métabolique, Toulouse, France

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Igor Tauveron CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Service d’Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et Maladies Métaboliques, Clermont-Ferrand, France
Université Clermont Auvergne, Faculté de Médecine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
Laboratoire GReD: UMR Université Clermont Auvergne-CNRS 6293, INSERM U1103, Clermont-Ferrand, France

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Laurent Devoize CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service d’Odontologie, Clermont-Ferrand, France
Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, France
Université Clermont Auvergne, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Clermont-Ferrand, France

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aspects of the oral condition in this pathology have not been properly described. Indeed, the consequences of elevated GH and IGF-1 on gingivae is debated. Some observations describe a gingival enlargement in acromegalic patients ( 8 ), which is known to

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Elena V Varlamov Department of Medicine (Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
Pituitary Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA

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Dan Alexandru Niculescu Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA

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Swechya Banskota Department of Medicine (Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
Pituitary Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA

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Simona Andreea Galoiu Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA

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Catalina Poiana Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA

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Maria Fleseriu Department of Medicine (Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
Pituitary Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA

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comorbidities related to the tumor itself (e.g. headache, oculomotor never palsy or hypopituitarism) or to GH and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) excess (arthralgia, morphologic changes, or obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), cardiovascular disease, and

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Xiaonan Guo Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

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Wenjing Hu Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

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Xiaorui Lyu Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

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Hanyuan Xu Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

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Huijuan Zhu Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

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Hui Pan Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

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Linjie Wang Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

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Hongbo Yang Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

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Fengying Gong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

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Introduction Growth hormone (GH) is a significant regulator of growth and metabolism ( 1 ). In the liver, GH stimulates the synthesis and secretion of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) ( 2 ). The GH/IGF-1 axis can regulate hepatic glucose

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Shenglong Le Exercise, Health and Technology Centre, Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland

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Leiting Xu Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China

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Moritz Schumann Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
The Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, and Exercise Translational Medicine Center, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

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Na Wu Exercise, Health and Technology Centre, Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland

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Timo Törmäkangas Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland

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Markku Alén Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland

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Sulin Cheng Exercise, Health and Technology Centre, Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
The Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, and Exercise Translational Medicine Center, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

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Petri Wiklund Exercise, Health and Technology Centre, Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

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Fischer Scientific Inc.) and fasting serum insulin was determined by immunofluorescence using the IMMULITE Analyzer (Diagnostic Products Corporation, Los Angeles, USA). Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) was assessed using time

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Anna Kistner Women and Child Health, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden

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Mireille Vanpée Women and Child Health, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden

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Kerstin Hall Women and Child Health, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden

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are conflicting concerning leptin levels (5, 17, 18, 19) but elevated levels have been observed in prepubertal SGA children with catch-up growth (19) . IGF-binding protein-1 (IGFBP1) modulates the effect of IGF1 at target tissue. IGFBP1 levels are

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Juliane Léger Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Robert Debré, Service d’Endocrinologie Diabétologie Pédiatrique, Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes de la Croissance et du développement, Paris, France
Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité 1141, DHU PROTECT, Paris, France

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Anne Fjellestad-Paulsen Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Robert Debré, Service d’Endocrinologie Diabétologie Pédiatrique, Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes de la Croissance et du développement, Paris, France

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Anne Bargiacchi Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Robert Debré, Service de Psychiatrie de l’Enfant et de l’Adolescent, Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes de la Croissance et du développement, Paris, France

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Catherine Doyen Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Robert Debré, Service de Psychiatrie de l’Enfant et de l’Adolescent, Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes de la Croissance et du développement, Paris, France

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Emmanuel Ecosse Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Robert Debré, Service d’Endocrinologie Diabétologie Pédiatrique, Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes de la Croissance et du développement, Paris, France

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Jean-Claude Carel Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Robert Debré, Service d’Endocrinologie Diabétologie Pédiatrique, Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes de la Croissance et du développement, Paris, France
Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité 1141, DHU PROTECT, Paris, France

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Marie-France Le Heuzey Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Robert Debré, Service de Psychiatrie de l’Enfant et de l’Adolescent, Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes de la Croissance et du développement, Paris, France

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involving the growth hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) axis, thyroid function, hypercortisolemia, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and the levels of several adipokines and gut peptides, such as ghrelin and peptide YY ( 2 ). The

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