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Luigia Cinque Medical Genetics, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy

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Angelo Sparaneo Laboratory of Oncology, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy

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Antonio S Salcuni Endocrinology, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy

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Danilo de Martino Thoracic Surgery, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy

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Claudia Battista Endocrinology, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy

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Francesco Logoluso Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Unit of Endocrinology, University Medical School of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Bari, Italy

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Orazio Palumbo Medical Genetics, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy

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Roberto Cocchi Maxillofacial Surgery, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy

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Evaristo Maiello Oncoematology, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy

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Paolo Graziano Pathology, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy

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Geoffrey N Hendy Departments of Medicine, Physiology and Human Genetics, McGill University and Metabolic Disorders and Complications, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

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David E C Cole Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Medicine and Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Alfredo Scillitani Endocrinology, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy

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Vito Guarnieri Medical Genetics, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy

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/mL. IHC, immunohistochemistry; NA, not available; neg, negative; NP, Not Performed/Not Applicable; PHPT, primary hyperparathyroidism; PNET, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor; pos, positive; PTH, parathyroid hormone. After the identification of the

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Richard J Auchus Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

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obtained with thyroxine therapy for severe hypothyroidism, estrogen for ovarian failure, growth hormone for pituitary dwarfism, and most recently, recombinant parathyroid hormone for hypoparathyroidism ( 2 ). These sweeping responses to properly

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Elena Pardi Endocrine Unit 2, Endocrinology Unit, Institute of Pathology, Department of Surgical, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, University of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, Pisa, Italy

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Stefano Mariotti Endocrine Unit 2, Endocrinology Unit, Institute of Pathology, Department of Surgical, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, University of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, Pisa, Italy

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Natalia S Pellegata Endocrine Unit 2, Endocrinology Unit, Institute of Pathology, Department of Surgical, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, University of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, Pisa, Italy

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Katiuscia Benfini Endocrine Unit 2, Endocrinology Unit, Institute of Pathology, Department of Surgical, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, University of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, Pisa, Italy

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Simona Borsari Endocrine Unit 2, Endocrinology Unit, Institute of Pathology, Department of Surgical, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, University of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, Pisa, Italy

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Federica Saponaro Endocrine Unit 2, Endocrinology Unit, Institute of Pathology, Department of Surgical, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, University of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, Pisa, Italy

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Liborio Torregrossa Endocrine Unit 2, Endocrinology Unit, Institute of Pathology, Department of Surgical, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, University of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, Pisa, Italy

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Antonello Cappai Endocrine Unit 2, Endocrinology Unit, Institute of Pathology, Department of Surgical, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, University of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, Pisa, Italy

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Chiara Satta Endocrine Unit 2, Endocrinology Unit, Institute of Pathology, Department of Surgical, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, University of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, Pisa, Italy

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Marco Mastinu Endocrine Unit 2, Endocrinology Unit, Institute of Pathology, Department of Surgical, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, University of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, Pisa, Italy

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Claudio Marcocci Endocrine Unit 2, Endocrinology Unit, Institute of Pathology, Department of Surgical, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, University of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, Pisa, Italy

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Filomena Cetani Endocrine Unit 2, Endocrinology Unit, Institute of Pathology, Department of Surgical, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, University of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, Pisa, Italy

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details of the index case are briefly reported. Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) was firstly diagnosed in the index case, a 41-year-old woman (serum calcium 11.65 mg/dl (8.4–10.2 mg/dl) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) 189 pg/ml (10–65 pg/ml)). In the same

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Daniel Bell Department of Pharmacy, Cambridge University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK

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Julia Hale Department of Endocrinology, Cambridge University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK

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Cara Go Department of Endocrinology, Cambridge University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK

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Ben G Challis Department of Endocrinology, Cambridge University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK

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Tilak Das Department of Radiology, Cambridge University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK

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Brian Fish Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Cambridge University NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK

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Ruth T Casey Department of Endocrinology, Cambridge University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK

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Introduction Primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) is a common endocrine disorder with a prevalence of 1–4 per 1000 and a 3 to 1 female to male ratio ( 1 ). It is characterised by inappropriate and excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH

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Sondra O’Callaghan Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Orlando VA Healthcare System, Orlando, Florida, USA

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Hanford Yau Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Orlando VA Healthcare System, Orlando, Florida, USA

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about 3 months after the onset of hypercalcemia ( 7 ). Median survival in patients with squamous cell carcinoma and hypercalcemia was 17–64 days ( 8 , 9 ). In a series of patients with parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTH-RP) mediated hypercalcemia

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Qian Wang Department of Thyroid and Neck Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Jiacheng Wang Department of Thyroid and Neck Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Yunhui Xin Department of Thyroid and Neck Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Ziyang He Department of Thyroid and Neck Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Xiang Zhou Department of Pathology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Xing Liu Department of Thyroid and Neck Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Teng Zhao Department of Thyroid and Neck Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Lihan He Department of Thyroid and Neck Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Hong Shen Department of Thyroid and Neck Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Mulan Jin Department of Pathology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Bojun Wei Department of Thyroid and Neck Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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repeated surgical resections and have poor prognosis; most die of uncontrollable hypercalcemia due to excessive parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion ( 5 ), with 5- and 10-year survival rates between 77–91% and 49–77%, respectively ( 1 , 5 , 8 , 9 , 10

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A Chinoy Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, UK

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M Skae Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, UK

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A Babiker King Abdullah Specialized Children’s Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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D Kendall Royal Preston Hospital, Preston, UK

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M Z Mughal Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, UK

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R Padidela Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, UK

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Introduction Hypoparathyroidism (HPT) is the partial or complete reduction of parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion from the parathyroid glands. PTH stimulates 1-alpha-hydroxylase enzyme to produce 1,25(OH) 2 -vitamin D, which facilitates active

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Anna Eremkina Endocrinology Research Center, Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

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Julia Krupinova Endocrinology Research Center, Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

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Ekaterina Dobreva Endocrinology Research Center, Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

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Anna Gorbacheva Endocrinology Research Center, Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

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Ekaterina Bibik Endocrinology Research Center, Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

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Margarita Samsonova Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, ederal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

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Alina Ajnetdinova Endocrinology Research Center, Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

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Natalya Mokrysheva Endocrinology Research Center, Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

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). Parathyroidectomy is the only cure for severe hypercalcemia, or HC caused by PHPT. Removing the parathyroid tumor significantly lowers the levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in blood, and thereby decreases serum calcium ( 5 ). However, immediate treatment for

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Cheng Han Ng Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore

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Yip Han Chin Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore

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Marcus Hon Qin Tan Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore

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Jun Xuan Ng Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore

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Samantha Peiling Yang Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore

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Jolene Jiayu Kiew Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore

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Chin Meng Khoo Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore

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Introduction Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a common endocrine disorder that is caused by excessive or inappropriate parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion with simultaneous derangement of both phosphate and calcium metabolism. PHPT is

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Jeremy Turner Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Colney Lane, Norwich, UK

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Neil Gittoes Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospitals Birmingham & University of Birmingham, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK

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Peter Selby Department of Medicine, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK

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the Society for Endocrinology Clinical Committee The Society for Endocrinology, 22 Apex Court, Woodlands, Bradley Stoke, Bristol, UK

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­magnesaemia) Cytotoxic drug-induced hypocalcaemia Pancreatitis, rhabdomyolysis and large volume blood transfusions Investigations Serum calcium (adjusted for albumin) Phosphate Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Urea and electrolytes Vitamin D Magnesium

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