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Gudmundur Johannsson Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Martin Bidlingmaier Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany

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Beverly M K Biller Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Margaret Boguszewski Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil

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Felipe F Casanueva Department of Medicine, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain

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Philippe Chanson Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, and Inserm, Paris, France

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Peter E Clayton Developmental Biology & Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

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Catherine S Choong Department of Endocrinology, Princess Margaret Hospital & School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia

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David Clemmons Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA

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Mehul Dattani Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK

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Jan Frystyk Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Ken Ho Princess Alexandra Hospital and University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

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Andrew R Hoffman Department of Medicine, Stanford University and VA Palo Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA

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Reiko Horikawa National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan

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Anders Juul Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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John J Kopchick Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA

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Xiaoping Luo Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China

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Sebastian Neggers Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Pituitary Centre Rotterdam, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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Irene Netchine Service d’Explorations Fonctionnelles Endocriniennes, AP-HP, Hôpital Trousseau, Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMRs 938, Paris, France

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Daniel S Olsson Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Sally Radovick Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA

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Ron Rosenfeld Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA

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Richard J Ross University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK

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Katharina Schilbach Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany

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Paulo Solberg Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Christian Strasburger Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany

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Peter Trainer The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

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Kevin C J Yuen Barrow Pituitary Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Department of Neuroendocrinology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona, USA

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Kerstin Wickstrom Medical Products Agency, Uppsala, Sweden

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Jens O L Jorgensen Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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on behalf of the Growth Hormone Research Society
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period is typically in-between paediatric and adult doses, with adjustment primarily based on serum IGF-I, just as in adult patients ( 13 ). Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3), acid-labile subunit (ALS) and bioactive IGF

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A V Dreval
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I V Trigolosova
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I V Misnikova
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Y A Kovalyova
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R S Tishenina
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I A Barsukov
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A V Vinogradova
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B H R Wolffenbuttel Moscow Regional Scientific Research Clinical Institute, Department of Endocrinology, 61/2 Shepkina str., 129110 Moscow, Russia

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(5) , the levels of growth hormone (GH) (9) , as well as the duration of acromegaly and duration of exposure to elevated GH levels (9, 10) . However, other authors have found no differences in GH levels and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) levels

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P G Murray Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Genetic Medicine, 5th Floor Research, Genetic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Genetic Medicine, 5th Floor Research, Genetic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, UK

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D Hanson Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Genetic Medicine, 5th Floor Research, Genetic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, UK

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T Coulson Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Genetic Medicine, 5th Floor Research, Genetic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, UK

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A Stevens Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Genetic Medicine, 5th Floor Research, Genetic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, UK

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A Whatmore Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Genetic Medicine, 5th Floor Research, Genetic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, UK

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R L Poole Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Genetic Medicine, 5th Floor Research, Genetic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, UK

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D J Mackay Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Genetic Medicine, 5th Floor Research, Genetic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, UK

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G C M Black Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Genetic Medicine, 5th Floor Research, Genetic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Genetic Medicine, 5th Floor Research, Genetic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, UK

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P E Clayton Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Genetic Medicine, 5th Floor Research, Genetic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Genetic Medicine, 5th Floor Research, Genetic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, UK

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.06 −38 253.37 0.00 Leptin LEP 64.69 0.10 −642.51 0.00 Insulin-like growth factor 2 IGF2 94.15 0.17 −549.78 0.00 Brain expressed, X-linked 1 BEX1 369.40 1.30 −283.28 0.00 Prostaglandin D2 synthase 21 kDa (brain) PTGDS 136.49 0.62 −219.06 0.00 Collagen

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Yu Ah Hong Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Kyung-Do Han Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Jae-Seung Yun Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Eun Sil Sil Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Seung-Hyun Ko Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Sungjin Chung Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 (GH/IGF-1) system. IGF-1 levels were reported to be positively associated with height ( 30 , 31 ). The kidney is a significant source of IGF-1 synthesis, some of which is released into circulation. In addition

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Marie Reeberg Sass Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Nicolai Jacob Wewer Albrechtsen Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jens Pedersen Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Nordsjællands University Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark

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Kristine Juul Hare Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Nis Borbye-Lorenzen Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Center for Neonatal Screening, Department of Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Katalin Kiss Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Tina Vilsbøll Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark

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Filip Krag Knop Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark

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Steen Seier Poulsen Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Niklas Rye Jørgensen Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jens Juul Holst Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Cathrine Ørskov Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Bolette Hartmann Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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resorption ( 6 ). Finally, we studied the expression of insulin receptors ( INSR ), insulin-like growth factor 1 receptors ( IGF1R ), and insulin-like growth factor 2 receptors ( IGF2R ) in the parathyroid gland on formalin fixed, paraffin embedded (FFPE

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Rachel D C A Diniz
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Renata M Souza
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Roberto Salvatori Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Hepatology, Division of Radiology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil

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Alex Franca Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Hepatology, Division of Radiology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil

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Elenilde Gomes-Santos
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Thiago O Ferrão Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Hepatology, Division of Radiology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil

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Carla R P Oliveira
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João A M Santana
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Francisco A Pereira
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Rita A A Barbosa
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Anita H O Souza
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Rossana M C Pereira
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Alécia A Oliveira-Santos
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Allysson M P Silva
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Francisco J Santana-Júnior
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Eugênia H O Valença
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Viviane C Campos
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Manuel H Aguiar-Oliveira
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Salvatori R Levine MA . Effect of severe growth hormone (GH) deficiency due to a mutation in the GH releasing hormone receptor on insulin-like growth factors (IGF-1), IGF-binding proteins, and ternary complex formation throughout life . Journal of

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Xiaohui Qi Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Ping He Shanghai Hospital Link Center, Shanghai Hospital Development Center, Shanghai, China

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Huayan Yao Computer Net Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Huanhuan Sun Wonders Information Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China

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Jiying Qi Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Min Cao Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Bin Cui Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Guang Ning Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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shown that insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) are involved in the development and progression of malignancies ( 9 , 10 ). Insulin has been reported to be associated with an increased risk of several cancer sites, such as the liver, pancreas

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Ursula M M Costa Division of Cardiology, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE 49060-100, Brazil

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Carla R P Oliveira Division of Cardiology, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE 49060-100, Brazil

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Roberto Salvatori Division of Cardiology, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE 49060-100, Brazil

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José A S Barreto-Filho Division of Cardiology, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE 49060-100, Brazil

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Viviane C Campos Division of Cardiology, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE 49060-100, Brazil

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Francielle T Oliveira Division of Cardiology, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE 49060-100, Brazil

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Ivina E S Rocha Division of Cardiology, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE 49060-100, Brazil

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Joselina L M Oliveira Division of Cardiology, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE 49060-100, Brazil

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Wersley A Silva Division of Cardiology, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE 49060-100, Brazil

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Manuel H Aguiar-Oliveira Division of Cardiology, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE 49060-100, Brazil

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Introduction Growth hormone (GH) and its principal mediator insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) have important effects not only on the acquisition of normal body size, but also on metabolic and cardiovascular (CV) status (1) . GH and IGF1 have

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Wenjun Long Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China

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Tuo Zhou Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China

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Xiuping Xuan Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China

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Qiuli Cao Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China

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Zuojie Luo Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China

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Yingfen Qin Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China

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Qin Ning Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China

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Xiaoping Luo Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China

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Xuemei Xie Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China

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insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) could also be co-activated with the IR-β by insulin ( 34 ), we then analyzed the expression of IGF-1R and found that the protein levels of IGF-1R were significantly reduced in the skeletal muscle of male CG

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Kevin C J Yuen Departments of Neuroendocrinology and Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, University of Arizona College of Medicine and Creighton School of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona, United States

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Gudmundur Johannsson Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Ken K Y Ho The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

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Bradley S Miller Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Minnesota Medical School, M Health Fairview Masonic Children’s Hospital, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States

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Ignacio Bergada Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET-FEI-División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Alan D Rogol Pediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States

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). The exceptions when re-testing is generally not required are in patients with genetic/congenital defects, irreversible hypothalamic–pituitary lesions, and in those with panhypopituitarism and low serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) levels ( 4

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