Xiaonan Guo
Xiaonan Guo
Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Wenjing Hu
Wenjing Hu
Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Xiaorui Lyu
Xiaorui Lyu
Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Hanyuan Xu
Hanyuan Xu
Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Huijuan Zhu
Huijuan Zhu
Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Hui Pan
Hui Pan
Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Linjie Wang
Linjie Wang
Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Hongbo Yang
Hongbo Yang
Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Fengying Gong
Fengying Gong
Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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and lipid metabolism, including glucose production, the uptake and storage of lipids, and the secretion of triglycerides ( 3 ). Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is a relatively uncommon endocrine disease caused by a primary deficiency of GH and a
A C Paepegaey
A C Paepegaey
Nutrition Department, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, French Reference Center for Prader-Willi Syndrome, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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M Coupaye
M Coupaye
Nutrition Department, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, French Reference Center for Prader-Willi Syndrome, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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A Jaziri
A Jaziri
Nutrition Department, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, French Reference Center for Prader-Willi Syndrome, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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F Ménesguen
F Ménesguen
Nutrition Department, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, French Reference Center for Prader-Willi Syndrome, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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B Dubern
B Dubern
Nutrition and Gastroenterology Department, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Armand Trousseau Children’s Hospital, Paris, France
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M Polak
M Polak
Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Gynecology Department, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital University Hospital, Paris, France
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J M Oppert
J M Oppert
Nutrition Department, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, French Reference Center for Prader-Willi Syndrome, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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M Tauber
M Tauber
Pediatric Endocrinology Department, Children’s Hospital, French Reference Center for Prader-Willi Syndrome, Toulouse, France
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G Pinto
G Pinto
Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Gynecology Department, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Necker Enfants Malades Hospital University Hospital, Paris, France
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C Poitou
C Poitou
Nutrition Department, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, French Reference Center for Prader-Willi Syndrome, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
INSERM, UMRS 1166, Nutriomic Group 6, Paris, France
Sorbonne Université, UMRS1166, Paris, France
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INSERM, UMRS 1166, Nutriomic Group 6, Paris, France
Sorbonne Université, UMRS1166, Paris, France
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in children, cognitive disabilities and psychiatric features ( 3 ). The most frequent endocrine involvement includes hypogonadism with cryptorchidism in 80% of cases and primary amenorrhea in 56% of cases ( 2 ). Growth hormone (GH) deficiency is
Lára Ósk Eggertsdóttir Claessen
Lára Ósk Eggertsdóttir Claessen
Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
Department of Emergency Medicine, Landspitali – The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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Department of Emergency Medicine, Landspitali – The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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Hafrún Kristjánsdóttir
Hafrún Kristjánsdóttir
Physical Activity, Physical Education, Sport, and Health (PAPESH) Research Centre, Sports Science Department, School of Social Sciences, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
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María Kristín Jónsdóttir
María Kristín Jónsdóttir
Mental Health Services, Landspitali – The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
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Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
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Sigrún Helga Lund
Sigrún Helga Lund
deCODE Genetics, Inc/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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Ingunn Unnsteinsdóttir Kristensen
Ingunn Unnsteinsdóttir Kristensen
Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
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Helga Ágústa Sigurjónsdóttir
Helga Ágústa Sigurjónsdóttir
Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
Department of Medicine, Landspitali – The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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Department of Medicine, Landspitali – The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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). Undiagnosed HP following mTBI can have serious physical and psychological consequences depending on which axes are affected ( 20 , 21 ). While untreated glucocorticoid deficiency (GCD) can be life-threatening, symptoms of growth hormone deficiency (GHD) may
Alessandro Ciresi
Alessandro Ciresi
Section of Endocrinology, Biomedical Department of Internal and Specialist Medicine (DIBIMIS), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Stefano Radellini
Stefano Radellini
Section of Endocrinology, Biomedical Department of Internal and Specialist Medicine (DIBIMIS), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Valentina Guarnotta
Valentina Guarnotta
Section of Endocrinology, Biomedical Department of Internal and Specialist Medicine (DIBIMIS), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Maria Grazia Mineo
Maria Grazia Mineo
Section of Endocrinology, Biomedical Department of Internal and Specialist Medicine (DIBIMIS), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Carla Giordano
Carla Giordano
Section of Endocrinology, Biomedical Department of Internal and Specialist Medicine (DIBIMIS), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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). This complex interplay between sex hormones and the GH/IGF-I axis has a clinically relevant impact in patients with hypopituitarism and the gender-dimorphic GH secretion pattern must be taken into account both in diagnosis of GH deficiency (GHD) and in
Sandra R Dahl
Sandra R Dahl
Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Ingrid Nermoen
Ingrid Nermoen
Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Division of Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
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Division of Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
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Ingeborg Brønstad
Ingeborg Brønstad
National Centre for Ultrasound in Gastroenterology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Eystein S Husebye
Eystein S Husebye
Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
K.G. Jebsen-Center for Autoimmune Diseases, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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K.G. Jebsen-Center for Autoimmune Diseases, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Kristian Løvås
Kristian Løvås
Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
K.G. Jebsen-Center for Autoimmune Diseases, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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K.G. Jebsen-Center for Autoimmune Diseases, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Per M Thorsby
Per M Thorsby
Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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(CAH due to steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency) consistently timed hormone measurements relative to medication schedule and time of day is recommended ( 1 ). Drug fasting morning values of androstenedione and testosterone should be in the normal range
Anna-Pauliina Iivonen
Anna-Pauliina Iivonen
Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Johanna Känsäkoski
Johanna Känsäkoski
Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Atte Karppinen
Atte Karppinen
Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Leena Kivipelto
Leena Kivipelto
Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Camilla Schalin-Jäntti
Camilla Schalin-Jäntti
Department of Endocrinology, Abdominal Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Auli Karhu
Auli Karhu
Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, RPU, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Taneli Raivio
Taneli Raivio
Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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), underlie maternally inherited gingival fibromatosis and autosomal dominant growth hormone deficiency which, in some patients, expanded to multiple pituitary hormone deficiency ( 9 ). Intriguingly, KCNQ1 was shown to be expressed in mouse hypothalamic GHRH
Nadine M Vaninetti
Nadine M Vaninetti
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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David B Clarke
David B Clarke
Division of Neurosurgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Deborah A Zwicker
Deborah A Zwicker
Cape Breton Regional Hospital, Sydney, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Churn-Ern Yip
Churn-Ern Yip
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Barna Tugwell
Barna Tugwell
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Steve Doucette
Steve Doucette
Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Chris Theriault
Chris Theriault
Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Khaled Aldahmani
Khaled Aldahmani
Department of Medicine, Tawam Hospital in Affiliation with Johns Hopkins, AI Ain, UAE
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Syed Ali Imran
Syed Ali Imran
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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making the diagnosis. Secondary hormone deficiency (SHD) was defined as follows. Secondary adrenal insufficiency was defined as either basal serum cortisol of <130 nmol/L, failure of serum cortisol to rise ≥500 nmol/L after an insulin tolerance test or
Jose M Garcia
Jose M Garcia
GRECC VA Puget Sound HCS/University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Beverly M K Biller
Beverly M K Biller
Massachusetts General Hospital, Neuroendocrine Unit, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Márta Korbonits
Márta Korbonits
Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Endocrinology, London, UK
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Vera Popovic
Vera Popovic
University of Belgrade, Medical Faculty, Belgrade, Serbia
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Anton Luger
Anton Luger
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University, General Hospital, Vienna, Austria
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Christian J Strasburger
Christian J Strasburger
Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Clinical Endocrinology CCM, Berlin, Germany
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Philippe Chanson
Philippe Chanson
Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d’Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l’Hypophyse, and Université Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris-Sud, Inserm, Signalisation Hormonale, Physiopathologie Endocrinienne et Métabolique, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Ronald Swerdloff
Ronald Swerdloff
The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
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Christina Wang
Christina Wang
The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
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Rosa Rosanna Fleming
Rosa Rosanna Fleming
Strongbridge Biopharma, Trevose, Pennsylvania, USA
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Fredric Cohen
Fredric Cohen
Strongbridge Biopharma, Trevose, Pennsylvania, USA
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Nicola Ammer
Nicola Ammer
Aeterna Zentaris GmbH, Frankfurt, Hessen, Germany
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Gilbert Mueller
Gilbert Mueller
Aeterna Zentaris GmbH, Frankfurt, Hessen, Germany
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Nicky Kelepouris
Nicky Kelepouris
Novo Nordisk Inc., Plainsboro, New Jersey, USA
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Frank Strobl
Frank Strobl
Novo Nordisk Inc., Plainsboro, New Jersey, USA
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Vlady Ostrow
Vlady Ostrow
Novo Nordisk Inc., Plainsboro, New Jersey, USA
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Kevin C J Yuen
Kevin C J Yuen
University of Arizona College of Medicine and Creighton School of Medicine, Barrow Pituitary Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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Introduction Adult growth hormone deficiency (AGHD) is a clinical syndrome characterized by abnormal body composition, unfavorable cardiovascular risk, cardiac dysfunction, decreased bone mineral density, and glucose intolerance ( 1 , 2
Reem Al Argan
Reem Al Argan
Endocrine Section, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Khobar, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
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Abdulaziz Ramadhan
Abdulaziz Ramadhan
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Ramanakumar V Agnihotram
Ramanakumar V Agnihotram
Statistician, Research Institute-McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Jeffrey Chankowsky
Jeffrey Chankowsky
Department of Diagnostic Radiology, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Juan Rivera
Juan Rivera
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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microadenomas, as larger lesions 'seem more likely to be associated with hypopituitarism'. Assessing the risk of hypopituitarism is of particular importance with regards to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) deficiency
Charlotte Höybye
Charlotte Höybye
Department of Endocrinology and Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Beverly M K Biller
Beverly M K Biller
Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Jean-Marc Ferran
Jean-Marc Ferran
Qualiance ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Murray B Gordon
Murray B Gordon
Allegheny Neuroendocrinology Center, Division of Endocrinology, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Nicky Kelepouris
Nicky Kelepouris
US Medical Affairs-Rare Endocrine Disorders, Novo Nordisk, Inc, Plainsboro, New Jersey, USA
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Navid Nedjatian
Navid Nedjatian
Global Medical Affairs – Rare Endocrine Disorders, Novo Nordisk Health Care AG, Zurich, Switzerland
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Anne H Olsen
Anne H Olsen
Epidemiology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Soborg, Denmark
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Matthias M Weber
Matthias M Weber
Unit of Endocrinology, 1, Medical Department, University Hospital, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
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Introduction Adult growth hormone deficiency (AGHD) is associated with increased visceral adiposity, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia and hyperglycaemia ( 1 ). AGHD may persist from childhood or be acquired in adulthood as a result of
