Johan G Beun
Johan G Beun
AdrenalNET, The Netherlands
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Pia Burman
Pia Burman
Department of Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden
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Olle Kämpe
Olle Kämpe
Department of Medicine (Solna), Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Eystein S Husebye
Eystein S Husebye
Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Stephanie Hahner
Stephanie Hahner
Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Germany
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Jette Kristensen
Jette Kristensen
Addison Foreningen i Danmark, Denmark
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Alida Noordzij
Alida Noordzij
AdrenalNET, The Netherlands
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Per Dahlqvist
Per Dahlqvist
Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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hormone. Once diagnosed, chronic, daily replacement with glucocorticoids is essential. An adequate hormone replacement dose is considered to be a total of 15–25 mg hydrocortisone (or cortisone acetate 20–35 mg per day) in adults in two to three daily doses
Tatiana V Novoselova
Tatiana V Novoselova
Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Peter J King
Peter J King
Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Leonardo Guasti
Leonardo Guasti
Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Louise A Metherell
Louise A Metherell
Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Adrian J L Clark
Adrian J L Clark
Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Li F Chan
Li F Chan
Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal axis The hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis dictates the production of glucocorticoids secreted from the adrenal gland. Parvocellular neurosecretory neurons within the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus
Salem A Beshyah
Salem A Beshyah
Department of Medicine, Dubai Medical College, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Diabetes and Endocrine Clinic, Mediclinic Airport Road Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Diabetes and Endocrine Clinic, Mediclinic Airport Road Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Khawla F Ali
Khawla F Ali
Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Medical University of Bahrain, Adliya, Bahrain
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Hussein F Saadi
Hussein F Saadi
Department of Endocrinology, Medical Subspecialties Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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. How many patients with adrenal insufficiency do you treat in a year? (0, 1–10, 11–25, 26–50, >50). 2. What proportion of these patients are likely to observe the fasting of Ramadan 2020 (None, 25%; 50%; 75%; All). 3. Which glucocorticoid
Janko Sattler
Janko Sattler
Adrenal Steroid Group, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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Jinwen Tu
Jinwen Tu
Adrenal Steroid Group, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Concord Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Concord Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Shihani Stoner
Shihani Stoner
Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Jingbao Li
Jingbao Li
Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shaanxi, China
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Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shaanxi, China
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Frank Buttgereit
Frank Buttgereit
Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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Markus J Seibel
Markus J Seibel
Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Concord Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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Concord Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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Hong Zhou
Hong Zhou
Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Concord Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Concord Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Mark S Cooper
Mark S Cooper
Adrenal Steroid Group, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Concord Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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Concord Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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Background Acute inflammation is typically associated with an activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which results in an increase in the level of glucocorticoids within the circulation ( 1 ). In situations where this
Masafumi Tetsuka
Masafumi Tetsuka
Department of Life and Food Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
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Misato Tanakadate
Misato Tanakadate
Department of Life and Food Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
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, 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ). Recently, we have demonstrated that the bovine oocyte cumulus complex (COC) undergoing IVM expresses two types of glucocorticoid metabolizing enzymes, namely 11β-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase type1 (HSD11B1) and type2 (HSD11B
Fernando Aprile-Garcia
Fernando Aprile-Garcia
Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires – CONICET, Departamento de Fisiología, Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires – CONICET, Departamento de Fisiología, Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires – CONICET, Departamento de Fisiología, Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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María Antunica-Noguerol
María Antunica-Noguerol
Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires – CONICET, Departamento de Fisiología, Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires – CONICET, Departamento de Fisiología, Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires – CONICET, Departamento de Fisiología, Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Maia Ludmila Budziñski
Maia Ludmila Budziñski
Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires – CONICET, Departamento de Fisiología, Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Ana C Liberman
Ana C Liberman
Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires – CONICET, Departamento de Fisiología, Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Eduardo Arzt
Eduardo Arzt
Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires – CONICET, Departamento de Fisiología, Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires – CONICET, Departamento de Fisiología, Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires – CONICET, Departamento de Fisiología, Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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signals that begins in the brain and ends with glucocorticoid (GC) secretion (cortisol in humans and corticosterone in rats, mice, and other species). When stimulated, neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus release corticotropin
Masatada Watanabe
Masatada Watanabe
Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
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Shuji Ohno
Shuji Ohno
Division of Research for Pharmacy Students Education, Hoshi University, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
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Hiroshi Wachi
Hiroshi Wachi
Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
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glucocorticoid Dex and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) induce the expression of aromatase in THP-1 cells ( 17 ). Based on these data, we used an in vitro THP-1 culture system to investigate the expression of aromatase in human skin monocytes. We observed a
Anne-Sophie C A M Koning
Anne-Sophie C A M Koning
Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Philippe C Habets
Philippe C Habets
Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Marit Bogaards
Marit Bogaards
Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Jan Kroon
Jan Kroon
Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Hanneke M van Santen
Hanneke M van Santen
Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Department of Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, Prinses Máxima Centrum, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Department of Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, Prinses Máxima Centrum, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Judith M de Bont
Judith M de Bont
Department of Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, Prinses Máxima Centrum, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Onno C Meijer
Onno C Meijer
Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Introduction Synthetic glucocorticoids are used extensively for their anti-inflammatory effects in many medical conditions, including immune diseases, different types of cancer, and in the treatment of edema in brain tumor patients ( 1 , 2
Annelies van’t Westeinde
Annelies van’t Westeinde
Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet and Division of Pediatrics, Unit for Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Leif Karlsson
Leif Karlsson
Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet and Division of Pediatrics, Unit for Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Valeria Messina
Valeria Messina
Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet and Division of Pediatrics, Unit for Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Lena Wallensteen
Lena Wallensteen
Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet and Division of Pediatrics, Unit for Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Manuela Brösamle
Manuela Brösamle
European Patient Advocacy Group for Adrenal Diseases, European Reference Network on Rare Endocrine Conditions (Endo ERN), Endo ERN Coordinating Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Giorgio Dal Maso
Giorgio Dal Maso
ArfSAG (Associazione Refionale Famiglie Sindrome Adreno Genitale) c/o Unita Operativa di Pediatria, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Bologna, Policlinico S Orsala-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
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Alessandro Lazzerini
Alessandro Lazzerini
Spanish Association of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH), Spain
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Jette Kristensen
Jette Kristensen
ePAG & Chair of Danish Addison Patient Association, Aarhus, Denmark
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Diana Kwast
Diana Kwast
Dutch Adrenal Society NVACP, Nijkerk, The Netherlands
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Lea Tschaidse
Lea Tschaidse
Department of Endocrinology, Medizinische Klinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Matthias K Auer
Matthias K Auer
Department of Endocrinology, Medizinische Klinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Hanna F Nowotny
Hanna F Nowotny
Department of Endocrinology, Medizinische Klinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Luca Persani
Luca Persani
Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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Nicole Reisch
Nicole Reisch
Department of Endocrinology, Medizinische Klinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Svetlana Lajic
Svetlana Lajic
Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet and Division of Pediatrics, Unit for Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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, which is required for the conversion of cholesterol to cortisol and aldosterone, rendering it either partly or completely ineffective ( 2 , 3 ). Patients with classic CAH, therefore, experience glucocorticoid (GC) and mineralocorticoid deficiency
Stephanie Burger-Stritt
Stephanie Burger-Stritt
Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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Linda Bachmann
Linda Bachmann
Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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Max Kurlbaum
Max Kurlbaum
Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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Stefanie Hahner
Stefanie Hahner
Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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replacement at times of increased requirement. To avoid AC, patients are educated in adaptation of their glucocorticoid (GC) dose under stressful conditions ( 12 , 13 , 14 ). AC requires immediate initiation of parenteral administration of GCs ( 13 , 14
