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Jonathan Hazlehurst Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

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Bernard Khoo Endocrinology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK

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Carolina Brito Lobato Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital – Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark

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Ibiyemi Ilesanmi Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK

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Sally Abbott Department of Dietetics, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK

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Tin Chan Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong

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Sanesh Pillai Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK

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Kate Maslin School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK

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Sanjay Purkayastha Brunel University, London, UK
Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St Mary’s Hospital, London, UK

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Barbara McGowan Endocrinology, Guys’ and St Thomas’s NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

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Rob Andrews University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK

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Eveleigh Nicholson Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth, UK

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Katherine McCullough Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford, UK

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Lorraine Albon University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, Worthing, UK

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Rachel Batterham Endocrinology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK

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Georgios K Dimitriadis King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

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Shareen Forbes BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Gavin Bewick School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK

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Tricia M-M Tan Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK

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events. As a result of this clinical evidence, bariatric surgery is more often considered as an option for the treatment of obesity and diabetes, as well as for other metabolic complications such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease ( 1 ). Given the

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Salman Razvi Translational and Clinical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK

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Sanaa Mrabeti Medical Affairs EMEA, Merck Serono Middle East FZ-LLC, Dubai, United Arab Emirates

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Markus Luster Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Marburg, Marburg, Germany

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, 24 , 25 ). Experimental evidence suggests that LT4 monotherapy in hypothyroid rats fails to normalize T3 levels in all tissues ( 26 ). Three types of deiodinases regulate the conversion of T4 to T3, and the inactivation of both hormones ( 27 ). The

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Yao Chen Hangzhou Fuyang Women and Children Hospital, Hangzhou, China

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Shu-ying Fang Hangzhou Fuyang Women and Children Hospital, Hangzhou, China

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etiology of PCOS, and it can disturb the steroidogenesis process. The StAR protein regulates the transport of cholesterol through the mitochondrial membrane in the first step of androgen biosynthesis ( 14 , 15 ). Evidence suggests that patients with PCOS

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Raja Padidela Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital and Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

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Moira S Cheung Evelina London Children’s Hospital, London, UK

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Vrinda Saraff Birmingham Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, UK

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Poonam Dharmaraj Alder Hey Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK

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with radiographic evidence of bone disease in children 1 year of age and older and adolescents with growing skeletons. It is administered as a subcutaneous injection every 2 weeks ( https

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Dmitry M Davydov Laboratory of Neuroimmunopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia

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Malik K Nurbekov Laboratory of Sociogenomics, Moscow State Pedagogical University, Moscow, Russia

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.02–0.18). Genotype distribution Compared with the control group, the frequency of the G allele polymorphism of PGC1A gene was significantly higher, but the frequency of the PGC1A AA genotype was lower in the diabetes group ( Table 2 ). No evidence of

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Ursula M M Costa Division of Cardiology, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE 49060-100, Brazil

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Carla R P Oliveira Division of Cardiology, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE 49060-100, Brazil

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Roberto Salvatori Division of Cardiology, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE 49060-100, Brazil

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José A S Barreto-Filho Division of Cardiology, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE 49060-100, Brazil

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Viviane C Campos Division of Cardiology, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE 49060-100, Brazil

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Francielle T Oliveira Division of Cardiology, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE 49060-100, Brazil

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Ivina E S Rocha Division of Cardiology, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE 49060-100, Brazil

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Joselina L M Oliveira Division of Cardiology, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE 49060-100, Brazil

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Wersley A Silva Division of Cardiology, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE 49060-100, Brazil

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Manuel H Aguiar-Oliveira Division of Cardiology, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE 49060-100, Brazil

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wt GHRHR allele. Exclusion criteria were: previous GH treatment, age under 18 years, CV symptoms or any evidence of active CV diseases. Twenty-five (13 females) IGHD and 27 (15 females) volunteered and were enrolled. None of these IGHD individual

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Ping Li Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Fei Cheng Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Lei Xiu Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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evidence assessment Quality of evidence was assessed per outcome, independently by two individuals (P L and L X), using the GRADE guidelines for rating the quality of evidence ( 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ). We used the GRADE

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Rama Lakshman Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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Charlotte Boughton Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Wolfson Diabetes and Endocrine Clinic, Cambridge, UK

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Roman Hovorka Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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such as Fiasp (Novo Nordisk) and Lyumjev (Eli Lilly) are now available. While these have only shown small overall benefits over standard insulin analogues when applied in HCL systems ( 68 , 69 ), there is evidence of reduced postprandial hyperglycaemia

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Karim Gariani Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Therapeutic Patient Education, Geneva University Hospitals and Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland

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François R Jornayvaz Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Therapeutic Patient Education, Geneva University Hospitals and Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

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ketogenic diets on cardiovascular risk factors: evidence from animal and human studies . Nutrients 2017 9 517 – 532 . ( https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9050517 ) 25 Somm E Jornayvaz FR Fibroblast growth factor 15/19: From basic functions to

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Sherwin Criseno Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK

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Helena Gleeson Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

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Andrew A Toogood Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

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Neil Gittoes Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

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Anne Topping School of Nursing and Midwifery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK

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Niki Karavitaki Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

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evidence on the impact of discontinuing long-term treatment is very limited. A small study with 64 patients by Appelman-Dijkstra et al. in 2016 showed no negative effects of GH discontinuation on the overall metabolic profile in patients aged above 60

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