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developing GD ( 25 ). The global increase in GD is largely attributed to the ongoing obesity pandemic ( 26 ). Obesity is characterized by altered production of proinflammatory cytokines by adipocytes causing a state of chronic low-grade inflammation ( 27
Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
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/mL) during the two conditions. The Y -axis is logarithmic scaled. Points are medians and error bars are ranges. * P < 0.05. Table 1 list extracted vital parameters and cytokine response to LPS; for the full metabolic response, see the primary
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over-treatment. Inflammatory cytokines may also have a role in this phenomenon. Interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 are both pro-inflammatory cytokines whose levels have been shown to increase within hours of infection in crticially ill patients and are
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treatment: Control, no treatment; Cytokine cocktail (CC, 10 ng/mL IL-1β, 100 ng/mL IFN-γ, and 25 ng/mL TNF-α) treatment as positive control of ER dysfunction; and three TE treatments with the concentration of 0.01, 0.1 and 1 μg/mL. The islets and INS-1 cells
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indirect effects (due to pro-inflammatory cytokine storm) on several endocrine organs and their axes have been elucidated ( 1 , 2 , 3 ). Hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) axis is an essential endocrine axis that regulates energy expenditure and
Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital – Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
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Centre for Physical Activity Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Centre for Physical Activity Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Centre for Physical Activity Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital – Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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) and interleukin (IL)-6. Animal and human studies have shown association between low testosterone concentrations and higher pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL-6) and lower anti-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL-10), and thus, low testosterone
Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
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Department of Surgery, Second People's Hospital of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
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mainly enriched in allograft rejection, chemokine signaling pathway, and cytokine receptor interaction. After considering the results of the GSEA, it was concluded that FOXP4 might be highly correlated with immune and inflammation responses, suggesting
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hormonal ‘fight or flight’ state is activated by the abundancy of released proinflammatory cytokines, the overwhelming activation of sensory neurons, the release of catecholamines and/or the presence of pathogens in the bloodstream ( 5 , 6 ). Further
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Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Research, University of Washington, Box 356460, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington, USA
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, which are known to promote labor (56, 57) . NFκB is stimulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), lipopolysaccharides, and interleukin 1 beta (IL1β). Conversely, NFκB promotes the synthesis of cytokines, and
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DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Greifswald, Germany
DZD (German Center for Diabetes Research), Greifswald, Germany
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Institute and Policlinic for Radiology and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital, Carl-Gustav-Carus University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Greifswald, Germany
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influencing an excessive production of Th1 cytokines or generating reactive oxygen species ( 35 ). Furthermore, circulating chemerin has been observed to be positively correlated with macrophages ( 7 ) and a number of pro-inflammatory cytokines ( 33 ). In