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Huguette S Brink Department of Endocrinology, Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Aart Jan van der Lely Department of Endocrinology, Erasmus University MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Joke van der Linden Department of Endocrinology, Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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developing GD ( 25 ). The global increase in GD is largely attributed to the ongoing obesity pandemic ( 26 ). Obesity is characterized by altered production of proinflammatory cytokines by adipocytes causing a state of chronic low-grade inflammation ( 27

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Esben S Lauritzen The Medical Research Laboratories, Institute of Clinical Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark

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Nikolaj Rittig The Medical Research Laboratories, Institute of Clinical Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark

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Ermina Bach The Medical Research Laboratories, Institute of Clinical Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark

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Niels Møller The Medical Research Laboratories, Institute of Clinical Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark

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Mette Bjerre The Medical Research Laboratories, Institute of Clinical Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark

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/mL) during the two conditions. The Y -axis is logarithmic scaled. Points are medians and error bars are ranges. * P  < 0.05. Table 1 list extracted vital parameters and cytokine response to LPS; for the full metabolic response, see the primary

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A Chinoy Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, UK

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M Skae Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, UK

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A Babiker King Abdullah Specialized Children’s Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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D Kendall Royal Preston Hospital, Preston, UK

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M Z Mughal Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, UK

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R Padidela Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, UK

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over-treatment. Inflammatory cytokines may also have a role in this phenomenon. Interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 are both pro-inflammatory cytokines whose levels have been shown to increase within hours of infection in crticially ill patients and are

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Bo Zhu Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Assisted Reproduction Unit, Sir Run Run ShawHospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wenzhou People’s Hospital, Wenzhou Women and Children Health, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Yumei Chen Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wenzhou People’s Hospital, Wenzhou Women and Children Health, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Fang Xu Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wenzhou People’s Hospital, Wenzhou Women and Children Health, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Xiaolu Shen Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wenzhou People’s Hospital, Wenzhou Women and Children Health, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Xuanyu Chen Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wenzhou People’s Hospital, Wenzhou Women and Children Health, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Jieqiang Lv Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Songying Zhang Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Assisted Reproduction Unit, Sir Run Run ShawHospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China

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treatment: Control, no treatment; Cytokine cocktail (CC, 10 ng/mL IL-1β, 100 ng/mL IFN-γ, and 25 ng/mL TNF-α) treatment as positive control of ER dysfunction; and three TE treatments with the concentration of 0.01, 0.1 and 1 μg/mL. The islets and INS-1 cells

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Aditya Dutta Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Max Healthcare, Saket, New Delhi, India

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Ganesh Jevalikar Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Max Healthcare, Saket, New Delhi, India

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Rutuja Sharma Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Max Healthcare, Saket, New Delhi, India

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Khalid J Farooqui Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Max Healthcare, Saket, New Delhi, India

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Shama Mahendru Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Max Healthcare, Saket, New Delhi, India

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Arun Dewan Institute of Internal Medicine, Max Healthcare, Saket, New Delhi, India

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Sandeep Bhudiraja Institute of Internal Medicine, Max Healthcare, Saket, New Delhi, India

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Ambrish Mithal Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Max Healthcare, Saket, New Delhi, India

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indirect effects (due to pro-inflammatory cytokine storm) on several endocrine organs and their axes have been elucidated ( 1 , 2 , 3 ). Hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) axis is an essential endocrine axis that regulates energy expenditure and

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Clara Lundetoft Clausen Center of Research & Disruption of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital – Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital – Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark

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Trine Holm Johannsen Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Niels Erik Skakkebæk Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Hanne Frederiksen Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Camilla Koch Ryrsø Department of Pulmonary and Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital – Nordsjælland, Hillerød, Denmark
Centre for Physical Activity Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Arnold Matovu Dungu Department of Pulmonary and Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital – Nordsjælland, Hillerød, Denmark

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Maria Hein Hegelund Department of Pulmonary and Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital – Nordsjælland, Hillerød, Denmark

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Daniel Faurholt-Jepsen Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Rikke Krogh-Madsen Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital – Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
Centre for Physical Activity Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Birgitte Lindegaard Department of Pulmonary and Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital – Nordsjælland, Hillerød, Denmark
Centre for Physical Activity Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Allan Linneberg Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital – Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Line Lund Kårhus Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital – Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Anders Juul Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Thomas Benfield Center of Research & Disruption of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital – Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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) and interleukin (IL)-6. Animal and human studies have shown association between low testosterone concentrations and higher pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL-6) and lower anti-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL-10), and thus, low testosterone

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Tian Zhou School of Clinical Medicine, GuiZhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China

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Dai-wei Zhao School of Clinical Medicine, GuiZhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
Department of Surgery, Second People's Hospital of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, Guizhou, China

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Ning Ma School of Clinical Medicine, GuiZhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China

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Xue-ying Zhu School of Clinical Medicine, GuiZhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China

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Xing-hong Chen Department of Surgery, Second People's Hospital of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, Guizhou, China

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Xue Luo Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China

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Song Chen School of Clinical Medicine, GuiZhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China

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Qing-jun Gao Department of Thyroid Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China

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mainly enriched in allograft rejection, chemokine signaling pathway, and cytokine receptor interaction. After considering the results of the GSEA, it was concluded that FOXP4 might be highly correlated with immune and inflammation responses, suggesting

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Arno Téblick Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Lies Langouche Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Greet Van den Berghe Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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hormonal ‘fight or flight’ state is activated by the abundancy of released proinflammatory cytokines, the overwhelming activation of sensory neurons, the release of catecholamines and/or the presence of pathogens in the bloodstream ( 5 , 6 ). Further

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Elizabeth Micks Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Research, University of Washington, Box 356460, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington, USA

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Greta B Raglan Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Research, University of Washington, Box 356460, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington, USA

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Jay Schulkin Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Research, University of Washington, Box 356460, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington, USA
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Research, University of Washington, Box 356460, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington, USA

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, which are known to promote labor (56, 57) . NFκB is stimulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), lipopolysaccharides, and interleukin 1 beta (IL1β). Conversely, NFκB promotes the synthesis of cytokines, and

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Lena-Maria Levin Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

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Henry Völzke Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Greifswald, Germany
DZD (German Center for Diabetes Research), Greifswald, Germany

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Markus M Lerch Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

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Jens-Peter Kühn Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
Institute and Policlinic for Radiology and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital, Carl-Gustav-Carus University Dresden, Dresden, Germany

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Matthias Nauck Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Greifswald, Germany

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Nele Friedrich Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Greifswald, Germany

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Stephanie Zylla Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Greifswald, Germany

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influencing an excessive production of Th1 cytokines or generating reactive oxygen species ( 35 ). Furthermore, circulating chemerin has been observed to be positively correlated with macrophages ( 7 ) and a number of pro-inflammatory cytokines ( 33 ). In

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