School of Nursing, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
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Hambly and Kirby 2017 (115) VDR Liu et al . 2020 (116) Autoimmune thyroid disease Ke et al . 2017 (117) Xu et al . 2015 (118) Wang et al . 2015 (119) VDR Zhou et al . 2021 (120) VDR Meng et al . 2015 (121) CYP27B1 Jennings et al
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population ( 2 ). Graves' disease (GD) is an autoimmune disease of the thyroid gland and is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. The incidence is 20–50 cases per 100,000 people, with a peak between the ages of 30 and 50. The binding of thyroid
Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center North Jutland, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
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Department of Geriatrics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
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, also in pregnant women, and more than one-third of the pregnant women in our cohort were overweight or obese ( 10 ). The association among BMI, smoking, and thyroid disease has long been considered. One part is the autoimmune origin of thyroid disease
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.1365-2133.2001.04221.x ) 14 Falkowski B Szczepanek-Parulska E Krygier A Wrotkowska E Ruchala M . Evaluation of interleukin-29 in autoimmune and inflammatory thyroid diseases . Clinical Endocrinology 2021 94 998 – 1003 . ( https
Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Department of Geriatrics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
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Introduction Hyperthyroidism is the clinical state that results from an excessive production of thyroid hormones in the thyroid gland ( 1 , 2 ). It is a signature of the disease that the incidence of the different subtypes of hyperthyroidism
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some studies, further exclusion criteria were defined (e.g. taking proton pump inhibitors or autoimmune thyroid diseases); however, corresponding information was not made consistently in all studies. a Incl. 3843 patients without thyroid nodules
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Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Padua University Hospital, Padova, Italy
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, it could be drawn that a relevant long-term alteration of thyroid function due to autoimmune diseases is more frequently observed in the presence of long-standing relatively high UIC (i.e. 200 µg/L or more) ( 34 ), confirming the U-shaped relationship
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) . Recurrent miscarriage can be classified as either primary or secondary. Primary aborters are women who have lost all their pregnancies, whereas secondary aborters have had at least one live born infant. Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is by far the most
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Department of Psychiatry, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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through these mechanisms ( 11 ). Second, Graves’ disease is considered an autoimmune disease that affects the thyroid and is the leading cause of hyperthyroidism in Taiwan ( 12 ). A previous study found that Graves’ disease may share genetic pathways with
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-mediated and humoral response contribute to the development of autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) ( 23 , 24 ). However, information is limited regarding the association between circulating Gpnmb and autoimmune thyroid diseases in humans. In the present study