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Agnieszka Adamska Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, Bialystok, Poland

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Vitalii Ulychnyi Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, Bialystok, Poland

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Katarzyna Siewko Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, Bialystok, Poland

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Anna Popławska-Kita Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, Bialystok, Poland

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Małgorzata Szelachowska Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, Bialystok, Poland

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Marcin Adamski Faculty of Computer Science, Bialystok University of Technology, Białystok, Poland

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Angelika Buczyńska Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland

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Adam Jacek Krętowski Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, Bialystok, Poland
Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland

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Introduction An adrenal incidentaloma is defined as a lesion of the adrenal gland that is discovered incidentally during imaging techniques performed for disorders unrelated to the adrenal gland ( 1 , 2 ). In most cases, adrenal

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A J Varewijck Erasmus MC, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, Room D-443, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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A J van der Lely Erasmus MC, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, Room D-443, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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S J C M M Neggers Erasmus MC, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, Room D-443, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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S W J Lamberts Erasmus MC, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, Room D-443, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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L J Hofland Erasmus MC, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, Room D-443, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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J A M J L Janssen Erasmus MC, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, Room D-443, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Introduction Acromegaly is characterized by excess secretion of growth hormone (GH) causing multisystem-associated morbidities and increased mortality. GH is considered as the main regulator of circulating total insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1

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Ping Gu Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Yuege Lin Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Qi Wan Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Dongming Su Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Qun Shu Department of Obstetrics, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

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and C ). Co-treatment with a MEK inhibitor, PD98059, reduced ERK phosphorylation at 1 h after oxytocin administration ( Fig. 9D and E ). Prolongation of the treatment beyond 24 h resulted in a reduction in the expression of CDK4 and cyclin D1 by PD

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Yang Lv Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Xu Han Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Chunyan Zhang Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Yuan Fang Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Ning Pu Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Yuan Ji Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Dansong Wang Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Xu Xuefeng Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Wenhui Lou Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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response (PR), stable disease (SD), progressive disease (PD), progression, relapse and distant metastasis on the basis of response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (RECIST 1.1) ( 12 ) to assess the treatment response. The data of preoperative clinical

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Olli Helminen Department of Pediatrics, PEDEGO Research Group, Medical Research Center, Oulu University, Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
Surgery Research Unit, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland

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Tytti Pokka Department of Pediatrics, PEDEGO Research Group, Medical Research Center, Oulu University, Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

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Susanna Aspholm Tampere Centre for Child Health Research, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland

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Jorma Ilonen Immunogenetics Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland

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Olli G Simell Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland

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Mikael Knip Tampere Centre for Child Health Research, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
Pediatric Research Center, New Children’s Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

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Riitta Veijola Department of Pediatrics, PEDEGO Research Group, Medical Research Center, Oulu University, Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

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Introduction Type 1 diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases in childhood. The incidence rate has been rising throughout the Western world ( 1 ). The incidence is highest in Finland, in 2006 as high as 64.3 per 100,000 children

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Ruth Percik Institute of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Sheba Medical Centre, Ramat Gan, Israel

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Sherwin Criseno Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Safwaan Adam Department of Endocrinology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK

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Kate Young Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK

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Daniel L Morganstein Department of Endocrinology, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK

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used to describe the resultant long-term deficiencies of at least two anterior pituitary hormones (following exclusion of sick euthyroid or sick eugonadal states). Isolated ACTH deficiency Isolated ACTH deficiency (IAD) is induced by PD-1 and PD

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Jiayang Lin Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Peizhen Zhang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Yan Huang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Xueyun Wei Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Dan Guo Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Jianfang Liu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Deying Liu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Yajuan Deng Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Bingyan Xu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Chensihan Huang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Xiaoyu Yang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Yan Lu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Lijing Jia Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China

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Huijie Zhang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Introduction Thyroid hormones are essential for both normal development and metabolism. These actions are mediated through its two receptor isoforms, thyroid hormone receptor α (TRα) and thyroid hormone receptor β (TRβ) ( 1 ). Thyroid hormone

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Kosmas Daskalakis Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
1st Department of Propaupaedic Internal Medicine, Endocrine Unit, Laiko Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Marina Tsoli 1st Department of Propaupaedic Internal Medicine, Endocrine Unit, Laiko Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Anna Angelousi 1st Department of Propaupaedic Internal Medicine, Endocrine Unit, Laiko Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Evanthia Kassi 1st Department of Propaupaedic Internal Medicine, Endocrine Unit, Laiko Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Krystallenia I Alexandraki 1st Department of Propaupaedic Internal Medicine, Endocrine Unit, Laiko Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Denise Kolomodi 1st Department of Propaupaedic Internal Medicine, Endocrine Unit, Laiko Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Gregory Kaltsas 1st Department of Propaupaedic Internal Medicine, Endocrine Unit, Laiko Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, University Hospital, Coventry, UK
Centre of Applied Biological & Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK

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Anna Koumarianou Haematology-Oncology Unit, Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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considered in G1–2 NEN patients with KI67 LI <10% and PD, being previously treated with a standard SSA dose ( 23 , 24 ). Robust evidence based on phase III RCTs has established the role of MTT with either everolimus or sunitinib in progressive WD G1 and G2

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A Daniel Bird Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Spencer Greatorex Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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David Reser Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Gareth G Lavery Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, 2nd Floor IBR Tower, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK

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Timothy J Cole Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Dehydrogenase (H6PD) with 11βHSD1 in the ER ( 22 ). The co-expression and localisation of HSD1L with H6PD has so far not been explored. A recent study has characterised a novel and potentially third 11βHSD activity in human liver nuclei that had lower K m

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Mireille N M van Poppel Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria

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Christopher J Nolan Department of Endocrinology at The Canberra Hospital and the Australian National University School of Medicine and Psychology, Canberra, ACT, Australia

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Gernot Desoye Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

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identified, including in GATA6 , PDX1 , and PTF1A ( 1 , 2 , 3 ). In cases of complete PA, insulin, a major fetal growth regulator, and C-peptide concentrations are usually below the limit of detection in cord blood. The importance of insulin and other

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