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Behnaz Abiri Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

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Majid Valizadeh Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

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Amirhossein Ramezani Ahmadi Isfahan Endocrine and Metabolism Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

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Shirin Amini Department of Nutrition, Shoushtar Faculty of Medical Sciences, Shoushtar, Iran

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Mohammad Nikoohemmat Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

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Faeze Abbaspour Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

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Farhad Hosseinpanah Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

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may influence adipose tissue differentiation and growth, impacting obesity through gene expression regulation or by modulating parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium, and leptin ( 11 , 12 , 13 ). While several observational studies have explored the link

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Heng Yeh Department of Emergency Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan

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Hsuan Yeh College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
Department of Nephrology, Clinical Poison Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan

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Chun-Cheng Chiang College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan

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Ju-Ching Yen College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan

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I-Kuan Wang College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
Department of Nephrology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan

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Shou-Hsuan Liu College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
Department of Nephrology, Clinical Poison Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan

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Cheng-Chia Lee College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
Department of Nephrology, Clinical Poison Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan

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Cheng-Hao Weng College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
Department of Nephrology, Clinical Poison Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan

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Wen-Hung Huang College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
Department of Nephrology, Clinical Poison Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan

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Ching-Wei Hsu College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
Department of Nephrology, Clinical Poison Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan

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Tzung-Hai Yen College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
Department of Nephrology, Clinical Poison Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan

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Introduction Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD) characterized by the hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and the parathyroid gland hyperplasia stimulated by CKD-related chronic

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Cheng Han Ng Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore

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Yip Han Chin Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore

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Marcus Hon Qin Tan Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore

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Jun Xuan Ng Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore

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Samantha Peiling Yang Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore

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Jolene Jiayu Kiew Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore

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Chin Meng Khoo Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore

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Introduction Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a common endocrine disorder that is caused by excessive or inappropriate parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion with simultaneous derangement of both phosphate and calcium metabolism. PHPT is

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Marianne C Astor Department of Clinical Science, Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pediatric Department, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Department of Clinical Science, Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pediatric Department, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

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Kristian Løvås Department of Clinical Science, Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pediatric Department, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Department of Clinical Science, Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pediatric Department, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

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Anette S B Wolff Department of Clinical Science, Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pediatric Department, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

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Bjørn Nedrebø Department of Clinical Science, Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pediatric Department, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

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Eirik Bratland Department of Clinical Science, Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pediatric Department, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

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Jon Steen-Johnsen Department of Clinical Science, Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pediatric Department, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

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Eystein S Husebye Department of Clinical Science, Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pediatric Department, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Department of Clinical Science, Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pediatric Department, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

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. Hypoparathyroidism can be isolated or can be one component of a syndrome like DiGeorge syndrome, autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1 and other rarer syndromes. Transient hypocalcemia due to the relative resistance to parathyroid hormone (PTH) of the immature

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Zhiyan Yu Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Yueyue Wu Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Rui Zhang Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Yue Li Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Shufei Zang Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Jun Liu Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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families and society. Numerous risk factors for osteoporosis include obesity, advanced age, menopause, diabetes, calcium and vitamin D deficiency, low body weight, inappropriate secretion of parathyroid hormone, hypercalciuria, low insulin-like growth

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Liubov G Yanevskaya Almazov National Medical Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia

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Tatiana Karonova Almazov National Medical Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia
First Pavlov State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia

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Ilya V Sleptsov Saint-Petersburg State University N.I. Pirogov Clinic of High Medical Technologies, St. Petersburg, Russia

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Marina Evgenevna Boriskova First Pavlov State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia

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Aluza Ramilevna Bakhtiyarova Almazov National Medical Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia

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Roman A Chernikov Saint-Petersburg State University N.I. Pirogov Clinic of High Medical Technologies, St. Petersburg, Russia

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Karina Aleksandrovna Pogosian Almazov National Medical Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia

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Alena Timurovna Andreeva Almazov National Medical Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia

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Denis Andreevich Lebedev Almazov National Medical Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia

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Elena Nikolaevna Grineva Almazov National Medical Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia
First Pavlov State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia

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John P Bilezikian College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA

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Introduction Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a disease characterized by excessive synthesis and secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) from one or more of the four parathyroid glands ( 1 ). Most patients present with hypercalcemia though

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Haojie Zhang Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Yuke Cui Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Ruihua Dong Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Wen Zhang Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Shihan Chen Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Heng Wan Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Chi Chen Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Yi Chen Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Yuying Wang Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Chunfang Zhu Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Bo Chen Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Ningjian Wang Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Yingli Lu Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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nutrient with a threshold and influence on bone turnover under conditions of vitamin D insufficiency. The mechanism of the association may be that the parathyroid hormone (PTH) mediates vitamin D and bone turnover. A continuous elevation in serum PTH with

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Göran Oleröd Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Lillemor Mattsson Hultén Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Ola Hammarsten Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Eva Klingberg Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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be used as LoQ. Serum intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) was analyzed with CLIA on an Abbott ARCHITECT instrument (Abbott Diagnostics Division) and serum 1,25(OH) 2 D was analyzed on an IDS-iSYS instrument (Immunodiagnostic Systems Holdings, Boldon

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Sarah Bakhamis Department of Pediatrics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Faiqa Imtiaz Centre for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Khushnooda Ramzan Centre for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Edward De Vol Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology & Scientific Computing, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Osamah Al-Sagheir Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Abdulrahman Al-Rajhi Department of Orthopedics, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Abdullah Alashwal Department of Pediatrics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Bassam Bin Abbas Department of Pediatrics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Nadia Sakati Department of Pediatrics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Afaf Al-Sagheir Department of Pediatrics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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period, with or without biochemical marker improvement (alkaline phosphatase, serum parathyroid hormone, calcium, phosphate). Regarding ethical considerations, this study was approved by the institutional review board Research Advisory Council at King

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E M Winter Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Center for Bone Quality, Leiden, the Netherlands

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A Ireland Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Centre, Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom

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N C Butterfield Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Commonwealth Building, DuCane Road, London, United Kingdom

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M Haffner-Luntzer Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany

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M-N Horcajada Nestlé Research, Department of Musculoskeletal Health, Innovation EPFL Park, Lausanne, Switzerland.

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A G Veldhuis-Vlug Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Center for Bone Quality, Leiden, the Netherlands
Jan van Goyen Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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L Oei Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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G Colaianni Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy

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N Bonnet Nestlé Research, Department of Musculoskeletal Health, Innovation EPFL Park, Lausanne, Switzerland.

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increased calcium resorption from bone. Bone resorption is mediated by parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP). PTHrP is virtually absent in the non-pregnant state and increases from the first trimester of pregnancy until labor, after which levels drop

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