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levels on Akt phosphorylation. Thus, the favorable effects observed on metabolic state may be mediated by other changes, for example, via incretin hormones or altered gut flora. The limitations of our study are (i) the relatively low number of cases
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ANF and its sensitivity to PTX (46) . An involvement of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1) has recently been implicated in the regulation of ANF secretion from the heart. GLP1 is one of the incretin hormones secreted from endocrine cells located in the
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Madsbad S Holst JJ The T allele of rs7903146 TCF7L2 is associated with impaired insulinotropic action of incretin hormones, reduced 24 h profiles of plasma insulin and glucagon, and increased hepatic glucose production in young healthy men
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Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, First Clinic of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa School of Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino – IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy
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hypoglycemia (31% lower) (76) . The frequency of hypoglycemia with new GLDs, such as incretins and SGLT2 inhibitors, is very low (77) . Results of some trials indicated the efficacy of dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibitors in improving glycemic control
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Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Turku PET Centre, Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Centre of Southwest Finland, Department of Endocrinology, Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
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Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Turku PET Centre, Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Centre of Southwest Finland, Department of Endocrinology, Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
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Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Turku PET Centre, Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Centre of Southwest Finland, Department of Endocrinology, Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
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metabolism is usually of greater magnitude than the effects observed in our study (36, 41) . Part of the postprandial effect may be mediated by insulin but also by the incretins, such as GIP (42) or GLP-2 (43) , or even glucose itself may directly affect
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both neurotransmitters released during the cephalic phase of insulin release or incretins such as glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) released by enteroendocrine cells in response to food transit ( 26 ). Human islets are
Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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the incretin effect and incorporates both peripheral and hepatic insulin resistance ( 43 ). The OGTT is less resource demanding than clamp and FSIVGTT, but introduces more variability due to variation in the absorption of glucose from the
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://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0906522106 ) 22 Raab S Wang H Uhles S Cole N Alvarez-Sanchez R Künnecke B Ullmer C Matile H Bedoucha M Norcross RD , et al . Incretin-like effects of small molecule trace amine-associated receptor 1 agonists. Molecular Metabolism
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Matsuo T Tokuda M Kusunoki Y Ochi H Murai K Effects of the naturally-occurring disaccharides, palatinose and sucrose, on incretin secretion in healthy non-obese subjects . Journal of Diabetes Investigation 2013 4 281 – 286
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Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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L Jones KL Horowitz M Rayner CK & Wu T . Disparities in the glycemic and incretin responses to intraduodenal glucose infusion between healthy young men and women . Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2023 108 e712 – e719