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ANF and its sensitivity to PTX (46) . An involvement of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1) has recently been implicated in the regulation of ANF secretion from the heart. GLP1 is one of the incretin hormones secreted from endocrine cells located in the
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Madsbad S Holst JJ The T allele of rs7903146 TCF7L2 is associated with impaired insulinotropic action of incretin hormones, reduced 24 h profiles of plasma insulin and glucagon, and increased hepatic glucose production in young healthy men
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hypoglycemia (31% lower) (76) . The frequency of hypoglycemia with new GLDs, such as incretins and SGLT2 inhibitors, is very low (77) . Results of some trials indicated the efficacy of dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibitors in improving glycemic control
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Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Turku PET Centre, Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Centre of Southwest Finland, Department of Endocrinology, Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
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Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Turku PET Centre, Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Centre of Southwest Finland, Department of Endocrinology, Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
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metabolism is usually of greater magnitude than the effects observed in our study (36, 41) . Part of the postprandial effect may be mediated by insulin but also by the incretins, such as GIP (42) or GLP-2 (43) , or even glucose itself may directly affect
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both neurotransmitters released during the cephalic phase of insulin release or incretins such as glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) released by enteroendocrine cells in response to food transit ( 26 ). Human islets are
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the incretin effect and incorporates both peripheral and hepatic insulin resistance ( 43 ). The OGTT is less resource demanding than clamp and FSIVGTT, but introduces more variability due to variation in the absorption of glucose from the
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Matsuo T Tokuda M Kusunoki Y Ochi H Murai K Effects of the naturally-occurring disaccharides, palatinose and sucrose, on incretin secretion in healthy non-obese subjects . Journal of Diabetes Investigation 2013 4 281 – 286
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Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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L Jones KL Horowitz M Rayner CK & Wu T . Disparities in the glycemic and incretin responses to intraduodenal glucose infusion between healthy young men and women . Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2023 108 e712 – e719
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NAFLD, although the evidence supporting these adverse events is disputed ( 21 , 62 ). Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors increase incretin availability and are widely employed as adjunctive oral therapy in T2DM ( 21 ). DPP-4 inhibitors have