Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Guangdong Geriatric Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Reproductive Medicine Center, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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environmental factors trigger the occurrence of GD under genetical background, however, the pathogenesis is still incompletely understood ( 2 ). Advances in cellular immunology have opened a new era of or new insights into exploring the mechanisms of immune
Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, C3M, Team Cellular and Molecular Physiopathology of Obesity and Diabetes, Nice, France
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/ERK 1/2, PI-3K/AKT) and non-canonical signaling pathways (JNK, p38 MAPK, PKC and AMPK), which promote proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis in BC ( 7 ). Yet, few studies have investigated the involvement of leptin on tumor/immune cells conflict. The
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-grade inflammatory disease characterized by increased circulating concentrations of inflammatory cytokines and the recruitment of immune cells, including macrophages and T cells, to metabolic tissues ( 2 ). Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) represent a group
Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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-to-monocyte (LMR), systemic immune-inflammation (SII) index, NLR, PLR and the counts of lymphocyte, monocyte and neutrophil for prognosis among all curatively resected pNEN patients, the first two of which were rarely paid attention to in the previous research. As
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several bioactive fragments, which exert a broad spectrum of regulatory activities by influencing the endocrine, the cardiovascular, and the immune systems and by affecting the glucose or calcium homeostasis ( Fig. 2 A) (20) . Some peptides exert similar
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Atrial myocytes 10 Ventricular myocytes 2 Mononuclear immune cells b ++ a Orders of magnitude based on measurement of tissue extracts from different mammalian species. b Expression determined only by immunocytochemistry
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carries risks of hypoglycemic episodes, weight gain, and an increased incidence of cancer ( 5 ). The effectiveness of islet transplantation is limited by a shortage of donor islets and immune rejection ( 6 ). Therefore, new therapeutic strategies are
Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Translational Cancer Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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). Over recent decades, several studies have shown that the immune system plays a critical role in recognizing and eliminating malignant cells. In particular, elevated levels of cytotoxic CD8 + T cells in the tumor microenvironment have been linked to a
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). Glucocorticoid hormones regulate an array of physiologic processes including energy homeostasis, inflammatory and immune responses, cardiovascular function, reproduction, and cognition ( 13 , 15 ). While glucocorticoid function has been extensively studied in
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a downregulation of T-cell activation. Meanwhile, PD-L1 is often overexpressed in neoplastic tissues, where it promotes tumour evasion of the immune system ( 5 , 6 , 7 ). Several anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 antibodies have been developed, such as