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Qinglei Yin Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Guangdong Geriatric Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China

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Zhou Jin Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Yulin Zhou Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Dalong Song Guangdong Geriatric Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
Reproductive Medicine Center, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China

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Chenyang Fu Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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FengJiao Huang Reproductive Medicine Center, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China

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Shu Wang Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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environmental factors trigger the occurrence of GD under genetical background, however, the pathogenesis is still incompletely understood ( 2 ). Advances in cellular immunology have opened a new era of or new insights into exploring the mechanisms of immune

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Hichem Bouguerra Université Tunis El-Manar, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Laboratoire de Génétique, Immunologie et pathologies Humaines, Tunis, Tunisie
Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, C3M, Team Cellular and Molecular Physiopathology of Obesity and Diabetes, Nice, France

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Gorrab Amal Université Tunis El-Manar, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Laboratoire de Génétique, Immunologie et pathologies Humaines, Tunis, Tunisie

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Stephan Clavel Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, C3M, Team Cellular and Molecular Physiopathology of Obesity and Diabetes, Nice, France

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Hamouda Boussen Département d’Oncologie Médicale, Hôpital Abderrahman Mami, Ariana, Tunisia

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Jean-François Louet Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, C3M, Team Cellular and Molecular Physiopathology of Obesity and Diabetes, Nice, France

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Asma Gati Université Tunis El-Manar, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Laboratoire de Génétique, Immunologie et pathologies Humaines, Tunis, Tunisie

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/ERK 1/2, PI-3K/AKT) and non-canonical signaling pathways (JNK, p38 MAPK, PKC and AMPK), which promote proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis in BC ( 7 ). Yet, few studies have investigated the involvement of leptin on tumor/immune cells conflict. The

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Zhaoxiang Liu Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

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Mingqiang Zhang Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

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Xiaohu Shi Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China

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Wenhui Zhao Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

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Chenxiang Cao Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

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Lixia Jin Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

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Yanlei Wang Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

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Jianzhong Xiao Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

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-grade inflammatory disease characterized by increased circulating concentrations of inflammatory cytokines and the recruitment of immune cells, including macrophages and T cells, to metabolic tissues ( 2 ). Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) represent a group

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Wentao Zhou The Research Institution of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Tiantao Kuang The Research Institution of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Xu Han Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Wenqi Chen Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Xuefeng Xu The Research Institution of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Wenhui Lou Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Dansong Wang The Research Institution of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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-to-monocyte (LMR), systemic immune-inflammation (SII) index, NLR, PLR and the counts of lymphocyte, monocyte and neutrophil for prognosis among all curatively resected pNEN patients, the first two of which were rarely paid attention to in the previous research. As

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Maria Angela D'amico Section of Human Morphology, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti–Pescara, Via Dei Vestini 31, 66013 Chieti, Italy

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Barbara Ghinassi Section of Human Morphology, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti–Pescara, Via Dei Vestini 31, 66013 Chieti, Italy

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Pascal Izzicupo Section of Human Morphology, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti–Pescara, Via Dei Vestini 31, 66013 Chieti, Italy

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Lamberto Manzoli Section of Human Morphology, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti–Pescara, Via Dei Vestini 31, 66013 Chieti, Italy

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A Di Baldassarre Section of Human Morphology, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti–Pescara, Via Dei Vestini 31, 66013 Chieti, Italy

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several bioactive fragments, which exert a broad spectrum of regulatory activities by influencing the endocrine, the cardiovascular, and the immune systems and by affecting the glucose or calcium homeostasis ( Fig. 2 A) (20) . Some peptides exert similar

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Jens F Rehfeld Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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 Atrial myocytes 10  Ventricular myocytes 2 Mononuclear immune cells b ++ a Orders of magnitude based on measurement of tissue extracts from different mammalian species. b Expression determined only by immunocytochemistry

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Wenrui Wang Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China

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Chuan Zhang Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China

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carries risks of hypoglycemic episodes, weight gain, and an increased incidence of cancer ( 5 ). The effectiveness of islet transplantation is limited by a shortage of donor islets and immune rejection ( 6 ). Therefore, new therapeutic strategies are

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Tiina Vesterinen HUSLAB, Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

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Teijo Kuopio Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä and Department of Pathology, Central Finland Health Care District, Jyväskylä, Finland

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Maarit Ahtiainen Department of Education and Research, Central Finland Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland

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Aija Knuuttila Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Heart and Lung Center, and Cancer Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland

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Harri Mustonen Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland

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Kaisa Salmenkivi HUSLAB, Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland

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Johanna Arola HUSLAB, Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland

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Caj Haglund Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
Translational Cancer Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

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). Over recent decades, several studies have shown that the immune system plays a critical role in recognizing and eliminating malignant cells. In particular, elevated levels of cytotoxic CD8 + T cells in the tumor microenvironment have been linked to a

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Trevor Lewis Physiotherapy Department, Aintree University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK

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Eva Zeisig Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Umeå Univerisity, Umeå, Sweden

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Jamie E Gaida University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia

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). Glucocorticoid hormones regulate an array of physiologic processes including energy homeostasis, inflammatory and immune responses, cardiovascular function, reproduction, and cognition ( 13 , 15 ). While glucocorticoid function has been extensively studied in

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Erik Rösner Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany

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Daniel Kaemmerer Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Zentralklinik Bad Berka, Bad Berka, Germany

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Elisa Neubauer Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany

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Jörg Sänger Laboratory of Pathology and Cytology Bad Berka, Bad Berka, Germany

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Amelie Lupp Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany

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a downregulation of T-cell activation. Meanwhile, PD-L1 is often overexpressed in neoplastic tissues, where it promotes tumour evasion of the immune system ( 5 , 6 , 7 ). Several anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 antibodies have been developed, such as

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