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, 24 , 25 ). Experimental evidence suggests that LT4 monotherapy in hypothyroid rats fails to normalize T3 levels in all tissues ( 26 ). Three types of deiodinases regulate the conversion of T4 to T3, and the inactivation of both hormones ( 27 ). The
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etiology of PCOS, and it can disturb the steroidogenesis process. The StAR protein regulates the transport of cholesterol through the mitochondrial membrane in the first step of androgen biosynthesis ( 14 , 15 ). Evidence suggests that patients with PCOS
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with radiographic evidence of bone disease in children 1 year of age and older and adolescents with growing skeletons. It is administered as a subcutaneous injection every 2 weeks ( https
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.02–0.18). Genotype distribution Compared with the control group, the frequency of the G allele polymorphism of PGC1A gene was significantly higher, but the frequency of the PGC1A AA genotype was lower in the diabetes group ( Table 2 ). No evidence of
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wt GHRHR allele. Exclusion criteria were: previous GH treatment, age under 18 years, CV symptoms or any evidence of active CV diseases. Twenty-five (13 females) IGHD and 27 (15 females) volunteered and were enrolled. None of these IGHD individual
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evidence assessment Quality of evidence was assessed per outcome, independently by two individuals (P L and L X), using the GRADE guidelines for rating the quality of evidence ( 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ). We used the GRADE
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Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Wolfson Diabetes and Endocrine Clinic, Cambridge, UK
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such as Fiasp (Novo Nordisk) and Lyumjev (Eli Lilly) are now available. While these have only shown small overall benefits over standard insulin analogues when applied in HCL systems ( 68 , 69 ), there is evidence of reduced postprandial hyperglycaemia
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Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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ketogenic diets on cardiovascular risk factors: evidence from animal and human studies . Nutrients 2017 9 517 – 532 . ( https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9050517 ) 25 Somm E Jornayvaz FR Fibroblast growth factor 15/19: From basic functions to
Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
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Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
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evidence on the impact of discontinuing long-term treatment is very limited. A small study with 64 patients by Appelman-Dijkstra et al. in 2016 showed no negative effects of GH discontinuation on the overall metabolic profile in patients aged above 60
Department of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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performance by androgens Testosterone and DHT are the two androgens that clearly bind to the androgen receptor and thereby exert anabolic activity ( Fig. 4 ). Although recent evidence indicates that 11-ketotestosterone and 11-ketodihydrotestosterone
