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Alessandra Gambineri Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, St Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Alma Mater University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

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Carla Pelusi Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, St Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Alma Mater University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

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are active 11-oxygenated androgens ( 3 ). In particular, 11KT and 11KDHT are able to activate the human androgen receptor (AR) with the same potency as testosterone and DHT. A4 and testosterone can be converted to the estrogens estrone (E1) and

Article Type:
Review Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-18-0450
Volume/Issue:
Volume 8: Issue 1
Open access
Michael C Velarde Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon, Metro Manila, Philippines

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Mikaela Erlinda M Bucu Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Metro Manila, Philippines

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Maria Antonia E Habana Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Metro Manila, Philippines

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Introduction Endometriosis is a debilitating, chronic, inflammatory, progressive, estrogen-dependent disease characterized by the presence of endometrial tissues outside the uterine cavity, presenting clinically as dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia

Article Type:
Review Article
Collections:
Reproduction
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-23-0169
Volume/Issue:
Volume 12: Issue 11
Open access
Ichelle Maa van Roessel Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, AB Utrecht, The Netherlands
Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, AB Utrecht, The Netherlands

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Boudewijn Bakker Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, AB Utrecht, The Netherlands
Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, AB Utrecht, The Netherlands

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Hanneke M van Santen Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, AB Utrecht, The Netherlands
Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, AB Utrecht, The Netherlands

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Wassim Chemaitilly Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, UPMC Children’s Hospitalof Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

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pubertal development during adolescence and help prevent the negative consequences of low testosterone or estrogen levels such as fatigue, decreased muscle strength and decreased bone density later in life ( 45 ). Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is

Article Type:
Review Article
Collections:
Pituitary and Hypothalamus
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-22-0382
Volume/Issue:
Volume 12: Issue 1
Open access
Elizabeth Micks Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Research, University of Washington, Box 356460, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington, USA

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Greta B Raglan Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Research, University of Washington, Box 356460, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington, USA

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Jay Schulkin Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Research, University of Washington, Box 356460, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington, USA
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Research, University of Washington, Box 356460, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington, USA

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history of progesterone development. Oral progestin products were initially contaminated with mestranol, a form of estrogen. Subsequent clinical trials indicated that women experienced unscheduled bleeding (bleeding which occurs during use of active

Article Type:
Review Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-15-0093
Volume/Issue:
Volume 4: Issue 4
Open access
Felix Haglund Department of Oncology–Pathology, Cancer Centre Karolinska, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Department of Surgery #4, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Oncology–Pathology, Cancer Centre Karolinska, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Department of Surgery #4, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

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Gustaf Rosin Department of Oncology–Pathology, Cancer Centre Karolinska, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Department of Surgery #4, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Oncology–Pathology, Cancer Centre Karolinska, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Department of Surgery #4, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Oncology–Pathology, Cancer Centre Karolinska, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Department of Surgery #4, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

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Inga-Lena Nilsson Department of Oncology–Pathology, Cancer Centre Karolinska, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Department of Surgery #4, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

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C Christofer Juhlin Department of Oncology–Pathology, Cancer Centre Karolinska, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Department of Surgery #4, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Oncology–Pathology, Cancer Centre Karolinska, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Department of Surgery #4, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

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Ylva Pernow Department of Oncology–Pathology, Cancer Centre Karolinska, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Department of Surgery #4, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

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Sophie Norenstedt Department of Oncology–Pathology, Cancer Centre Karolinska, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Department of Surgery #4, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

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Andrii Dinets Department of Oncology–Pathology, Cancer Centre Karolinska, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Department of Surgery #4, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Oncology–Pathology, Cancer Centre Karolinska, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Department of Surgery #4, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Oncology–Pathology, Cancer Centre Karolinska, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Department of Surgery #4, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

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Catharina Larsson Department of Oncology–Pathology, Cancer Centre Karolinska, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Department of Surgery #4, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Oncology–Pathology, Cancer Centre Karolinska, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Department of Surgery #4, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

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Johan Hartman Department of Oncology–Pathology, Cancer Centre Karolinska, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Department of Surgery #4, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Oncology–Pathology, Cancer Centre Karolinska, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Department of Surgery #4, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

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Anders Höög Department of Oncology–Pathology, Cancer Centre Karolinska, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Department of Surgery #4, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Oncology–Pathology, Cancer Centre Karolinska, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Department of Surgery #4, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

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1 360 – 366 . 13 Jensen EV & Jacobsen HI. Fate of steroid estrogens in target tissues. In Biological Activities of Steroids in Relation to Cancer , pp 161–174. Eds G Pincus & EP Vollmer. New York: Academic Press, 1960 14 Kuiper GG Enmark E

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-14-0109
Volume/Issue:
Volume 4: Issue 1
Open access
Jennifer K Y Ko Department of Women’s Health, University College London Hospital, London, UK

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Thomas F J King Department of Women’s Health, University College London Hospital, London, UK

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Louise Williams Department of Women’s Health, University College London Hospital, London, UK

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Sarah M Creighton Department of Women’s Health, University College London Hospital, London, UK

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Gerard S Conway Department of Women’s Health, University College London Hospital, London, UK

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perspectives . Endocrine Reviews 1995 16 271 – 321 . ( doi:10.1210/edrv-16-3-271 ) 4 Smith NL Heckbert SR Lemaitre RN Reiner AP Lumley T Weiss NS Larson EB Rosendaal FR Psaty BM. Esterified estrogens and conjugated

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-17-0083
Volume/Issue:
Volume 6: Issue 6
Open access
André Marques-Pinto Serviço de Endocrinologia, Departamento de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal

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Davide Carvalho Serviço de Endocrinologia, Departamento de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
Serviço de Endocrinologia, Departamento de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal

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below individual LOAEL, if there is enough overall exposure (93) . Indeed, a combination of estrogenic ED at environmentally relevant doses was shown to lead to greater cellular disruption than single ED exposure (94) . Furthermore, a study addressing

Article Type:
Review Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-13-0036
Volume/Issue:
Volume 2: Issue 3
Open access
Henrik Ryberg Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Center for Bone and Arthritis Research (CBAR), Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Anna-Karin Norlén Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Center for Bone and Arthritis Research (CBAR), Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Andreas Landin Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Center for Bone and Arthritis Research (CBAR), Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Per Johansson Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Center for Bone and Arthritis Research (CBAR), Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Zeinab Salman Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Center for Bone and Arthritis Research (CBAR), Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Anders Wallin Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden

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Johan Svensson Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Center for Bone and Arthritis Research (CBAR), Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Department of Endocrinology, Skaraborg Central Hospital, Skövde, Sweden

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Claes Ohlsson Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Center for Bone and Arthritis Research (CBAR), Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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estrogens E1 and E2. In addition, testosterone can be metabolized to the highly potent androgen DHT by 5α-reductase ( 1 , 5 ). However, a more comprehensive description of the complex metabolism of steroids in the brain can be found elsewhere ( 6 ). Sex

Article Type:
Research Article
Collections:
Cardiovascular
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-23-0250
Volume/Issue:
Volume 13: Issue 1
Open access
Maurício Martins da Silva Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

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Lueni Lopes Felix Xavier Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

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Carlos Frederico Lima Gonçalves Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

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Ana Paula Santos-Silva Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
NUMPEX, Campus Duque de Caxias, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

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Francisca Diana Paiva-Melo Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

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Mariana Lopes de Freitas Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

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Rodrigo Soares Fortunato Laboratory of Molecular Radiobiology, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

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Leandro Miranda-Alves Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

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Andrea Claudia Freitas Ferreira Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
NUMPEX, Campus Duque de Caxias, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

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). BPA is an endocrine disruptor, being considered a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) ( 4 , 5 ), with important effects on reproductive function ( 4 , 6 ). Besides that, BPA was shown to have positive association with serum TSH ( 7 ) and

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-18-0348
Volume/Issue:
Volume 7: Issue 11
Open access
Clarissa Souza Barthem Laboratório de Adaptações Metabólicas, Programa de Bioquímica e Biofísica Celular, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Camila Lüdke Rossetti Laboratório de Adaptações Metabólicas, Programa de Bioquímica e Biofísica Celular, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Denise P Carvalho Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Wagner Seixas da-Silva Laboratório de Adaptações Metabólicas, Programa de Bioquímica e Biofísica Celular, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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function that is linked to decreased estradiol production. In this context, estrogens are used for hormone therapy to prevent the development of metabolic disorders ( 2 , 3 ). It has been shown that although estrogen hormone replacement therapy has many

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-19-0470
Volume/Issue:
Volume 8: Issue 12
Open access