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Introduction The sexual dimorphism in the mechanisms involved in the regulation of somatotroph axis is well documented, and it might account for some of the sex differences in growth rate and body composition ( 1 ). Indeed, sex hormones are
Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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The Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, and Exercise Translational Medicine Center, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
The Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, and Exercise Translational Medicine Center, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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with idiopathic hypoandrogenism and in precocious pubertal girls treated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs ( 4 , 5 ). Some of the variation in circulating SHBG might be related to body composition and insulin sensitivity, both of which change
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Medical Research Laboratories, Departments of Clinical Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Genetics, Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Clinical Institute, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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variables explain about 35% of the variation in sCD163, with prominent differences between KS and controls. Table 1 Data on KS subjects and controls from the KS cross-sectional study, regarding inflammation markers, body composition, and hormones and insulin
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Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Diabetes Center, Kurume Medical Center, Kokubu-machi, Kurume-city, Fukuoka, Japan
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Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Diabetes Center, Kurume Medical Center, Kokubu-machi, Kurume-city, Fukuoka, Japan
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the risk of cardiovascular events and mortality in diabetes mellitus ( 1 , 2 ). SGLT2 inhibitors exert glucose-lowering effects, improving insulin sensitivity through the changes in the body composition over long-term treatment ( 3 , 4 ). While
Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
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Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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(AGHD) is associated with a wide range of clinical features, including abnormal body composition, reduced bone mineral density, decreased muscle strength and exercise capacity, adverse metabolic and cardiovascular risk profiles and impaired general well
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Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Universitaire Robert-Debré, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, and Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance, Paris, France
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(for calculation of target height (sex-adjusted average of parental heights)) and body composition. Height was determined barefoot using a wall-mounted Harpenden stadiometer. Bone age was determined from a centralised reading of an X-radiograph of the
Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Genetics and Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Unit for Thrombosis Research, Hospital of South West Jutland and University of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
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Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Unit for Thrombosis Research, Hospital of South West Jutland and University of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
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lumbar and femoral BMD in patients with osteoporosis ( 15 ). Studies have found that treated KS patients have higher lumbar BMD than non-treated KS patients and found direct negative effects of age of diagnosis and body composition on the trabecular
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Department of Rheumatology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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[ 3 H]palmitate SA during the same period to calculate plasma palmitate oxidation rates. The plasma 3 H 2 O concentration and body water were determined as described previously ( 12 , 25 , 26 ). Body composition At the end of both metabolic
eXtraOrdinarY Kids Clinic, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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hypogonadism, a nearly universal finding in adult men with KS, has been implicated as the underlying pathologic mechanism leading to this increased risk ( 2 ). As an anabolic steroid, testosterone has effects on body composition and mitochondrial metabolism
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with insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), leads to abnormal body composition and metabolism as well as psychological impairment ( 1 , 2 ). Left untreated, AGHD is associated with decreased bone mineral density, increased risk of cardiovascular