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Dimitra Argyro Vassiliadi Department of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, National Expertise Center for Rare Endocrine Diseases, Evangelismos Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Ioannis Ilias Department of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Elena Venizelou Hospital, Elena Venizelou Square, Athens, Greece

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Maria Pratikaki 1st Department of Critical Care & Pulmonary Services, Medical School National & Kapodistrian, Evangelismos Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Edison Jahaj 1st Department of Critical Care & Pulmonary Services, Medical School National & Kapodistrian, Evangelismos Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Alice G Vassiliou 1st Department of Critical Care, GP Livanos & M Simou Laboratories, Medical School National & Kapodistrian, Evangelismos Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Maria Detsika 1st Department of Critical Care, GP Livanos & M Simou Laboratories, Medical School National & Kapodistrian, Evangelismos Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Kleio Ampelakiotou Department of Immunology and Histocompatibility Evangelismos Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Marina Koulenti Department of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, National Expertise Center for Rare Endocrine Diseases, Evangelismos Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Konstantinos N Manolopoulos Department of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, National Expertise Center for Rare Endocrine Diseases, Evangelismos Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Stamatis Tsipilis 1st Department of Critical Care & Pulmonary Services, Medical School National & Kapodistrian, Evangelismos Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Evdokia Gavrielatou 1st Department of Critical Care & Pulmonary Services, Medical School National & Kapodistrian, Evangelismos Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Aristidis Diamantopoulos Department of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, National Expertise Center for Rare Endocrine Diseases, Evangelismos Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Alexandros Zacharis 1st Department of Critical Care & Pulmonary Services, Medical School National & Kapodistrian, Evangelismos Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Nicolaos Athanasiou 1st Department of Critical Care & Pulmonary Services, Medical School National & Kapodistrian, Evangelismos Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Stylianos Orfanos 2nd Department of Critical Care Medical School National & Kapodistrian University of Athens Attikon University Hospital, Athens-Haidari, Greece

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Anastasia Kotanidou 1st Department of Critical Care & Pulmonary Services, Medical School National & Kapodistrian, Evangelismos Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Stylianos Tsagarakis Department of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, National Expertise Center for Rare Endocrine Diseases, Evangelismos Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Ioanna Dimopoulou 1st Department of Critical Care & Pulmonary Services, Medical School National & Kapodistrian, Evangelismos Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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admitted with COVID-19, either in the ICU or in special wards, reported an increased prevalence of lower than normal TSH levels, considered to indicate thyrotoxicosis ( 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ), summarized in Table 1 . A major, however

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Ulla Schmidt Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Endocrine Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine O, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev Ringvej, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark

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Birte Nygaard Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Endocrine Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine O, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev Ringvej, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark

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Ebbe Winther Jensen Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Endocrine Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine O, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev Ringvej, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark

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Jan Kvetny Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Endocrine Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine O, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev Ringvej, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark

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Anne Jarløv Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Endocrine Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine O, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev Ringvej, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark

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Jens Faber Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Endocrine Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine O, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev Ringvej, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark
Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Endocrine Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine O, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev Ringvej, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark

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therapy in substituted hypothyroid subjects and have concluded that T 4 /T 3 combination therapy is not beneficial (6) . However, several of these studies have compared them without obtaining similar levels of serum TSH (7, 8) . In a recent double

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Bjarke R Medici Department of Medicine, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark

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Birte Nygaard Department of Medicine, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jeppe L la Cour Department of Medicine, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark

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Martin Krakauer Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Andreas Brønden Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Mette P Sonne Department of Medicine, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark

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Jens J Holst Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jens F Rehfeld Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Tina Vilsbøll Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark

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Jens Faber Department of Medicine, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Filip K Knop Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark

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thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (i.e. < 4 mU/L) (visit 2), and after at least 6 months of substitution therapy with TSH < 4 mU/L (visit 3). Levothyroxine therapy was initially evaluated every 4 weeks until the participants were euthyroid and then every 3

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Yi Chen Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Wen Zhang Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Chi Chen Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Yuying Wang Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Ningjian Wang Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Yingli Lu Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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–pituitary–thyroid axis is involved in the regulation of bone formation and resorption process in T2DM. In this observational explorative study, we evaluated whether thyroid hormones, including thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free and total thyroxine (FT 4 , TT 4

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Caroline Serrano-Nascimento Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Rafael Barrera Salgueiro Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Kaio Fernando Vitzel Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Thiago Pantaleão Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Vânia Maria Corrêa da Costa Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Maria Tereza Nunes Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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production is mainly regulated by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) action through its binding to the TSH receptor (TSHR) that is expressed in the basolateral membrane of thyrocytes ( 7 ). TH secretion is also stimulated by TSH, which stimulates the

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Muthiah Subramanian Department of General Medicine, TB and Pulmonary Medicine, Endocrinology, Sri Ramachandra University, 1 Ramachandra Nagar, Porur, Chennai 600116, India

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Manu Kurian Baby Department of General Medicine, TB and Pulmonary Medicine, Endocrinology, Sri Ramachandra University, 1 Ramachandra Nagar, Porur, Chennai 600116, India

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Krishna G Seshadri Department of General Medicine, TB and Pulmonary Medicine, Endocrinology, Sri Ramachandra University, 1 Ramachandra Nagar, Porur, Chennai 600116, India

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and signs of hyperthyroidism, suppressed stimulating hormone (TSH), elevated serum thyroid hormones, RAIU, and diffused gland enlargement (clinically or on imaging when performed) (6) . A database was constructed and analyzed with respect to the

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Verônica Carneiro Borges Mioto Thyroid Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP-Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Ana Carolina de Castro Nassif Gomes Monteiro Ultrasound Unit, Department of Radiology, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP-Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Rosalinda Yossie Asato de Camargo Thyroid Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP-Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Andréia Rodrigues Borel Clinic of the Paraisópolis Community Einstein Project, Jewish School of Health Sciences Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Regina Maria Catarino Hematology and Biochemistry, Center of Pathology, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Sergio Kobayashi Ultrasound Unit, Department of Radiology, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP-Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Maria Cristina Chammas Ultrasound Unit, Department of Radiology, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP-Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Suemi Marui Thyroid Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP-Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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activity and hyperplasia ( 8 ). In iodine-deficient infants and children, the sTg concentrations are high, more often than are the serum TSH concentrations ( 9 ). Therefore, the sTg levels should be a good indicator of iodine nutrition in the general

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Ling Hu Department of Endocrinology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China

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Ting Li Department of Endocrinology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China

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Xiao-Ling Yin Department of Endocrinology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China

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Yi Zou Department of Endocrinology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China

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-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) measurements were performed by lipid spectroscopy. Uric acid level was determined by uricase. Fasting insulin, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free T3 (FT3), and free T4 (FT4) levels were detected by electrochemiluminescence

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Yongping Liu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China

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Shuo Wang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China

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Qingling Guo Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China

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Yongze Li Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China

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Jing Qin Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China

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Na Zhao Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China

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Yushu Li Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China

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Zhongyan Shan Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China

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Weiping Teng Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China

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blood. Measurement of thyroid parameters Serum TSH, FT3, FT4, TPOAb and TgAb were measured using an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay with Cobas Elecsys 601 (Roche Diagnostics), and quality control analyses were performed before, during and

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Qing Zhu Department of Endocrinology, Nantong City No 1 People’s Hospital and Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu, China

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Jianbin Su Department of Endocrinology, Nantong City No 1 People’s Hospital and Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu, China

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Xueqin Wang Department of Endocrinology, Nantong City No 1 People’s Hospital and Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu, China

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Mengjie Tang Department of Endocrinology, Nantong City No 1 People’s Hospital and Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu, China

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Yingying Gao Department of Rheumatology, Nantong City No 1 People’s Hospital and Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu, China

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Dongmei Zhang Clinical Medicine Research Center, Nantong City No 1 People’s Hospital and Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu, China

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examination: increases in serum total thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), free thyroxine (FT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3), reverse T3 (rT3); declines in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH); and thyroid-stimulating antibody (TSAb) and other related

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