Giorgio Radetti
Giorgio Radetti
Pediatrics, Regional Hospital, Bolzano, Italy
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Mariacarolina Salerno
Mariacarolina Salerno
Pediatrics, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Chiara Guzzetti
Chiara Guzzetti
Pediatric Endocrinology, Ospedale Pedatrico Microcitemico ‘A. Cao’ – AOB Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Marco Cappa
Marco Cappa
Pediatric Endocrinology, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, Roma, Italy
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Andrea Corrias
Andrea Corrias
Divisione di Endocrinologia Pediatrica, Ospedale Infantile Regina Margherita, Torino, Italy
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Alessandra Cassio
Alessandra Cassio
Department of Pediatrics, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Graziano Cesaretti
Graziano Cesaretti
Department of Pediatrics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Roberto Gastaldi
Roberto Gastaldi
Paediatric Department, Gaslini Hospital, Genova, Italy
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Mario Rotondi
Mario Rotondi
Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri I.R.C.C.S., ISPESL Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Fiorenzo Lupi
Fiorenzo Lupi
Pediatrics, Regional Hospital, Bolzano, Italy
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Antonio Fanolla
Antonio Fanolla
Department of Biostatistics, Regional Hospital, Bolzano, Italy
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Giovanna Weber
Giovanna Weber
Department of Pediatrics, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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Sandro Loche
Sandro Loche
Pediatric Endocrinology, Ospedale Pedatrico Microcitemico ‘A. Cao’ – AOB Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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adolescents. However, it is not well understood who are the patients needing life-long treatment and who can discontinue therapy. Even testing for thyroid function recovery by means of TRH stimulation during treatment did not reach a general acceptance ( 11
Xichang Wang
Xichang Wang
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism and The Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
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Xiaochun Teng
Xiaochun Teng
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism and The Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
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Chenyan Li
Chenyan Li
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism and The Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
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Yushu Li
Yushu Li
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism and The Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
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Jing Li
Jing Li
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism and The Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
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Weiping Teng
Weiping Teng
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism and The Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
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Zhongyan Shan
Zhongyan Shan
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism and The Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
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Yaxin Lai
Yaxin Lai
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism and The Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
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uptake; T1, the first trimester; TA, toxic adenoma; TgAb, thyroglobulin antibody; TMNG, toxic multinodular goiter; TPOAb, thyroid peroxidase antibody; TRAb, thyrotropin receptor antibody; TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone; tT3, total triiodothyronine; tT4
Mírian Romitti
Mírian Romitti
Thyroid Unit, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Vitor C Fabris
Vitor C Fabris
Gynecological Endocrinology Unit, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, and Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Patricia K Ziegelmann
Patricia K Ziegelmann
Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology and Department of Statistics, Institute of Mathematics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Ana Luiza Maia
Ana Luiza Maia
Thyroid Unit, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Poli Mara Spritzer
Poli Mara Spritzer
Gynecological Endocrinology Unit, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, and Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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.05) a Median (minimum and maximum). AITD, autoimmune thyroid disease; NA, not available; PCOS, polycystic ovary syndrome; s.d. , standard deviation; Tg, thyroglobulin; TPO, thyroid peroxidase; TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone. Table 2
Weiwei He
Weiwei He
Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanan Medical University, Shaanxi, China
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Bin Wang
Bin Wang
Department of Endocrinology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Kaida Mu
Kaida Mu
Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Jing Zhang
Jing Zhang
Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Yanping Yang
Yanping Yang
Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Wei Yao
Wei Yao
Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Sheli Li
Sheli Li
Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanan Medical University, Shaanxi, China
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Jin-an Zhang
Jin-an Zhang
Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
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AITDs and disease progression ( 7 , 8 ). AITDs mainly have two types of symptoms, Graves’ disease (GD) and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT). HT is the most common thyroid inflammation characterized by abnormally elevated thyroglobulin antibodies (TGAb) and
Caroline Serrano-Nascimento
Caroline Serrano-Nascimento
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Rafael Barrera Salgueiro
Rafael Barrera Salgueiro
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Kaio Fernando Vitzel
Kaio Fernando Vitzel
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Thiago Pantaleão
Thiago Pantaleão
Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Vânia Maria Corrêa da Costa
Vânia Maria Corrêa da Costa
Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Maria Tereza Nunes
Maria Tereza Nunes
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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is actively transported into thyrocytes through the activity of the sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) ( 4 ). In the lumen, iodide is oxidized to iodine and incorporated into the tyrosine residues of the thyroglobulin (TG) molecules by the activity of the
Keiko Ohkuwa
Keiko Ohkuwa
Department of Surgery, Ito Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Kiminori Sugino
Kiminori Sugino
Department of Surgery, Ito Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Mitsuji Nagahama
Mitsuji Nagahama
Department of Surgery, Ito Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Wataru Kitagawa
Wataru Kitagawa
Department of Surgery, Ito Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Kenichi Matsuzu
Kenichi Matsuzu
Department of Surgery, Ito Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Akifumi Suzuki
Akifumi Suzuki
Department of Surgery, Ito Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Chisato Tomoda
Chisato Tomoda
Department of Surgery, Ito Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Kiyomi Hames
Kiyomi Hames
Department of Surgery, Ito Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Junko Akaishi
Junko Akaishi
Department of Surgery, Ito Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Chie Masaki
Chie Masaki
Department of Surgery, Ito Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Koichi Ito
Koichi Ito
Department of Surgery, Ito Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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iodine-131 administration. RAI accumulation was determined using whole-body scintigraphy. Treatment was performed approximately every year while monitoring the intensity of RAI accumulation, Tg (thyroglobulin) levels under TSH stimulation, and the status
S C Clement
S C Clement
Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital/ University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital/ University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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W E Visser
W E Visser
Academic Center For Thyroid Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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C A Lebbink
C A Lebbink
Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital/ University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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D Albano
D Albano
Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Brescia and Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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H L Claahsen-van der Grinten
H L Claahsen-van der Grinten
Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Children's Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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A Czarniecka
A Czarniecka
The Oncologic and Reconstructive Surgery Clinic, M. Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
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R P Dias
R P Dias
Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Birmingham Children’s Hospital, Birmingham Women’s, and Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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M P Dierselhuis
M P Dierselhuis
Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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I Dzivite-Krisane
I Dzivite-Krisane
Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Children's Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
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R Elisei
R Elisei
Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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A Garcia-Burillo
A Garcia-Burillo
Nuclear Medicine Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
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L Izatt
L Izatt
Department of Clinical Genetics, Guy's and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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C Kanaka-Gantenbein
C Kanaka-Gantenbein
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, First Department of Pediatrics National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
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H Krude
H Krude
Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
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L Lamartina
L Lamartina
Department of Endocrine Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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K Lorenz
K Lorenz
Department of Visceral, Vascular and Endocrine Surgery, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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M Luster
M Luster
Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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R Navardauskaitė
R Navardauskaitė
Department of Endocrinology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
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M Negre Busó
M Negre Busó
Nuclear Medicine Service - Institut de diagnòstic per la Imatge, Hospital Universitari de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
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K Newbold
K Newbold
Thyroid Therapy Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust Hospital, London, UK
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R P Peeters
R P Peeters
Academic Center For Thyroid Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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G Pellegriti
G Pellegriti
Endocrinology, Endocrinology Division, Garibaldi-Nesima Medical Center, Catania, Italy
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A Piccardo
A Piccardo
Department of Nuclear Medicine, EO Ospedali Galliera, Genoa, Italy
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A L Priego
A L Priego
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden, University medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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A Redlich
A Redlich
Pediatric Oncology Department, Otto von Guericke University Children's Hospital, Magdeburg, Germany
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L de Sanctis
L de Sanctis
Regina Margherita Children Hospital - Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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M Sobrinho-Simões
M Sobrinho-Simões
University Hospital of São João, Medical Faculty and Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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A S P van Trotsenburg
A S P van Trotsenburg
Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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F A Verburg
F A Verburg
Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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M Vriens
M Vriens
Department of Endocrine Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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T P Links
T P Links
Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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S F Ahmed
S F Ahmed
Endocrinology, Endocrinology Division, Garibaldi-Nesima Medical Center, Catania, Italy
Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Royal Hospital for Children, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
Office for Rare Conditions, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Royal Hospital for Children, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
Office for Rare Conditions, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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H M van Santen
H M van Santen
Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital/ University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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T Grimmichova
T Grimmichova
Institute of Endocrinology, Narodni, Prague, Czech Republic
2nd Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady and Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Srobarova, Prague, Czech Republic
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2nd Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady and Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Srobarova, Prague, Czech Republic
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M Haluzik
M Haluzik
Institute of Endocrinology, Narodni, Prague, Czech Republic
Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKEM), Videnska, Prague, Czech Republic
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Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKEM), Videnska, Prague, Czech Republic
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K Vondra
K Vondra
Institute of Endocrinology, Narodni, Prague, Czech Republic
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P Matucha
P Matucha
Institute of Endocrinology, Narodni, Prague, Czech Republic
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M Hill
M Hill
Institute of Endocrinology, Narodni, Prague, Czech Republic
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hypo- or hyperthyroidism were re-checked for glucose disorders after reaching a euthyroid state. Basal blood samples for the determination of TSH, fT4, fT3, anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (anti-TPO), anti-thyroglobulin (anti-Tg), thyrotropin
Aglaia Kyrilli
Aglaia Kyrilli
Department of Endocrinology, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (H.U.B.) - Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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Bernard Corvilain
Bernard Corvilain
Department of Endocrinology, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (H.U.B.) - Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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Sofie Bliddal
Sofie Bliddal
Department of Medical Endocrinology and Metabolism, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Copenhagen University Hospital (Hvidovre Hospital), Hvidovre, Denmark
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Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Copenhagen University Hospital (Hvidovre Hospital), Hvidovre, Denmark
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Dorthe Hansen Precht
Dorthe Hansen Precht
Department of Medical Endocrinology and Metabolism, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
Carelink Nærhospital, Roskilde, Denmark
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Carelink Nærhospital, Roskilde, Denmark
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Ulla Feldt-Rasmussen
Ulla Feldt-Rasmussen
Department of Medical Endocrinology and Metabolism, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Clinical Research, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Clinical Research, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Kris Poppe
Kris Poppe
Department of Endocrinology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Pierre, Brussels, Belgium
Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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Introduction Thyroid autoimmunity (TAI), defined as the presence of increased levels of circulating thyroid antibodies (anti thyroperoxidase (TPOAb) and/or anti-thyroglobulin (TgAb) antibodies), may be present in up to 1−17% of pregnant women
Avinaash Maharaj
Avinaash Maharaj
Centre for Endocrinology, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Ruth Kwong
Ruth Kwong
Centre for Endocrinology, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Jack Williams
Jack Williams
Centre for Endocrinology, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Christopher Smith
Christopher Smith
Centre for Endocrinology, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Helen Storr
Helen Storr
Centre for Endocrinology, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Ruth Krone
Ruth Krone
Birmingham Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, UK
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Debora Braslavsky
Debora Braslavsky
Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas ‘Dr. Cesar Bergadá’ (CEDIE) – CONICET – FEI – División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños ‘Ricardo Gutiérrez’, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Maria Clemente
Maria Clemente
Paediatric Endocrinology, Growth and Development Research Unit, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Hospital Vall d’Hebron, CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
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Nanik Ram
Nanik Ram
Department of Endocrinology, The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
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Indraneel Banerjee
Indraneel Banerjee
Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, UK
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Semra Çetinkaya
Semra Çetinkaya
Health Sciences University, Dr. Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Children’s Health and Disease Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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Federica Buonocore
Federica Buonocore
Genetics and Genomic Medicine Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
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Tülay Güran
Tülay Güran
Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Marmara University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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John C Achermann
John C Achermann
Genetics and Genomic Medicine Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
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Louise Metherell
Louise Metherell
Centre for Endocrinology, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Rathi Prasad
Rathi Prasad
Centre for Endocrinology, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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trimester onwards. Hypospadias is not a reported clinical feature to date. Biochemical evaluations revealed raised basal gonadotrophins (LH and FSH), an exaggerated response to luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) stimulation, impaired testosterone
