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Iben Katinka Greiber Department of Growth and Reproduction, EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Casper P Hagen Department of Growth and Reproduction, EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Alexander Siegfried Busch Department of Growth and Reproduction, EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Mikkel Grunnet Mieritz Department of Growth and Reproduction, EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Lise Aksglæde Department of Growth and Reproduction, EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Katharina Main Department of Growth and Reproduction, EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Kristian Almstrup Department of Growth and Reproduction, EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Anders Juul Department of Growth and Reproduction, EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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history of endocrine, gynecological or cerebral illness. Cross-sectional part of the study: 558 boys and 236 girls, median (range) age; boys: 11.6 (6.1–19.8) and girls: 10.7 (6.0–14.9). Longitudinal part of the study, 84 girls and 100 boys from two of

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Anne H van der Spek Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Olga V Surovtseva Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Saskia Aan Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Anton T J Tool Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Annemarie van de Geer Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Korcan Demir Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey

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Anja L M van Gucht Department of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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A S Paul van Trotsenburg Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Timo K van den Berg Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Eric Fliers Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Anita Boelen Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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and one pediatric patient) with RTHαD211G as previously described by van Gucht and coworkers ( 19 ), 4 patients with RTHαA263S and 2 patients with RTHαR384H as previously described by Demir and coworkers, and van Gucht and coworkers ( 18 , 19 ). With

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Min Yang Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
Department of Pediatrics, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China

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Xiangling Deng Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
Department of Pediatrics, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China

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Shunan Wang Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
Department of Pediatrics, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China

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Bo Zhou Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
Department of Pediatrics, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China

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Wenquan Niu Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China

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Zhixin Zhang International Medical Services, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
Department of Pediatrics, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China

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children from 7 to 18 years of age ( 4 ). Short stature is commonly seen in pediatric endocrinology units in routine clinical practice ( 5 ). Considering the fact that immediate and effective interventions can improve final adult height, early

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Martin Bidlingmaier Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, LMU Klinikum, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany

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Helena Gleeson Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK

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Ana-Claudia Latronico Department of Internal Medicine, Discipline of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Sao Paulo Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Martin O Savage Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK

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CNS lesions. Syndrome Critical region Main molecular diagnosis Prevalence of CPP (%) Other main clinical features Putative mechanism(s) or gene involved in CPP Temple syndrome 14q32.2 UPD(14)mat or DLK1/MEG3 :IG

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Myrian Velasco Neuroscience Division, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico

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Rosa Isela Ortiz-Huidobro Neuroscience Division, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico

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Carlos Larqué Department of Embryology and Genetics, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico

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Yuriko Itzel Sánchez-Zamora Neuroscience Division, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico

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José Romo-Yáñez Department of Gynecological and Perinatal Endocrinology, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología ‘Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes’, Mexico City, Mexico

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Marcia Hiriart Neuroscience Division, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico

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insulin binding, its receptor is auto-phosphorylated and activates several downstream targets such as IRS1 and kinases such as PI3K, and AKT, which are critical nodes in the insulin signaling pathway ( 18 ). PI3K/AKT pathway regulates glucose uptake

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Filippo Ceccato Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
Endocrine Disease Unit, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
Department of Neuroscience DNS, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

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Elisa Selmin Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

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Giorgia Antonelli Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
Laboratory Medicine, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy

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Mattia Barbot Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
Endocrine Disease Unit, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
Department of Neuroscience DNS, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

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Andrea Daniele Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

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Marco Boscaro Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

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Mario Plebani Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
Laboratory Medicine, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy

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Carla Scaroni Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
Endocrine Disease Unit, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy

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cortisol levels ( 16 ), and recently it has been reported as an adjuvant tool to increase the diagnostic accuracy of the corticotropin stimulation test in adult or pediatric patients with AI ( 13 , 17 ). We examined a series of consecutive patients with

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Jan W Eriksson Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

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Reem A Emad Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

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Martin H Lundqvist Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

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Niclas Abrahamsson Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

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Maria C Kjellsson Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

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conditions. Such pathways have been proposed, including stimulation by catecholamines ( 34 ) and cytokines ( 35 , 36 ). While these pathways may explain the dissociation of cortisol and ACTH relationships in critical illness and post-surgery ( 35 , 36

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Sondra O’Callaghan Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Orlando VA Healthcare System, Orlando, Florida, USA

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Hanford Yau Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Orlando VA Healthcare System, Orlando, Florida, USA

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dose of zolendronate was given. Due to disease progression, the patient succumbed to his illness after 2 weeks. It was concluded that about 71% of the variance in serum calcium correlated with PTH-RP levels and that PTH-RP reduction may be a result of

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Thabiso R P Mofokeng Department of Medicine, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa

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Salem A Beshyah Department of Medicine, Dubai Medical College, Duabi, United Arab Emirates
Department of Endocrinology, Mediclinic Airport Road Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

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Fazleh Mahomed Department of Medicine, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa

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Kwazi C Z Ndlovu Department of Medicine, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa

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Ian L Ross Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

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-dose. Discussion This first Africa and Middle East survey of physicians and their experience in treating patients with PAI revealed significant deficiencies in respect of obtaining critical diagnostic tests necessary for making the diagnosis of PAI. These

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Stefan Pilz Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

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Armin Zittermann Clinic for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum NRW, Ruhr University Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany

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Christian Trummer Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

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Verena Theiler-Schwetz Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

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Elisabeth Lerchbaum Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

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Martin H Keppel University Institute for Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria

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Martin R Grübler Department of Cardiology, Swiss Cardiovascular Center Bern, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

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Winfried März Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
Medical Clinic V (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology, Diabetology), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruperto-Carola University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
Synlab Medical Center of Human Genetics Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany

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Marlene Pandis Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

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for example, DBP decreases due to critical illness thus consequently decreasing total serum 25(OH)D ( 164 ). It is also important to note that serum 25(OH)D concentrations in observational studies are mainly derived from sunlight-induced vitamin D

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