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Nobuo Matsuura Department of Pediatrics, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan

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Tadashi Kaname Department of Genome Medicine, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan

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Norio Niikawa Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Sapporo, Japan

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Yoshihide Ooyama Department of Pediatrics, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan

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Osamu Shinohara Shinohara Child Clinic, Machida, Japan

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Yukifumi Yokota Department of Pediatrics, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan

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Shigeyuki Ohtsu Department of Pediatrics, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan

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Noriyuki Takubo Department of Pediatrics, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan

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Kazuteru Kitsuda Department of Pediatrics, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan

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Keiko Shibayama Department of Pediatrics, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan

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Fumio Takada Department of Medical Genetics, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Science, Sagamihara, Japan

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Akemi Koike Miyanosawa Child Clinic, Sapporo, Japan

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Hitomi Sano Department of Pediatric, Sapporo City General Hospital, Sapporo, Japan

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Yoshiya Ito Department of Clinical Medicine, Japanese Red Cross Hospital Collage of Nursing, Kitami, Japan

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Kenji Ishikura Department of Pediatrics, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan

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same findings were observed in the mother of C-1. Serum calcium and PTH levels Serum electrolyte levels when they were in their 30s, including calcium and phosphorus, and intact PTH (iPTH) were normal in cases A-1 and A-2. Although serum calcium

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E Vignali Endocrine Unit 2, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Laboratory of Chemistry and Endocrinology, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy

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F Cetani Endocrine Unit 2, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Laboratory of Chemistry and Endocrinology, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy

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S Chiavistelli Endocrine Unit 2, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Laboratory of Chemistry and Endocrinology, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy

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A Meola Endocrine Unit 2, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Laboratory of Chemistry and Endocrinology, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy

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F Saponaro Endocrine Unit 2, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Laboratory of Chemistry and Endocrinology, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy

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R Centoni Endocrine Unit 2, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Laboratory of Chemistry and Endocrinology, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy

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L Cianferotti Endocrine Unit 2, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Laboratory of Chemistry and Endocrinology, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy

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C Marcocci Endocrine Unit 2, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Laboratory of Chemistry and Endocrinology, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
Endocrine Unit 2, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Laboratory of Chemistry and Endocrinology, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy

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hyperparathyroidism . Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2012 97 3138 – 3145 . ( doi:10.1210/jc.2012-1429 ). 24 Hannan FM Thakker RV . Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) mutations and disorders of calcium, electrolyte and water metabolism

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Tsuneo Ogawa Cardiovascular Endocrinology Laboratory, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1Y 4W7

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Adolfo J de Bold Cardiovascular Endocrinology Laboratory, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1Y 4W7

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atria granularity effects of changes in water–electrolyte balance . Proceedings of Society Experimental Biology and Medicine 1979 161 508 – 511 . ( doi:10.3181/00379727-161-40584 ). 9 de Bold AJ Borenstein HB Veress

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Lachlan Angus Department of Medicine (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia

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Shalem Leemaqz Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia

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Olivia Ooi Department of Medicine (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia

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Pauline Cundill Equinox Gender Diverse Clinic, Thorne Harbour Health, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia

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Nicholas Silberstein Equinox Gender Diverse Clinic, Thorne Harbour Health, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia

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Peter Locke Equinox Gender Diverse Clinic, Thorne Harbour Health, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia

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Jeffrey D Zajac Department of Medicine (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia

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Ada S Cheung Department of Medicine (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia

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depression, and spironolactone may be associated with excess diuresis, electrolyte imbalance and hypotension, which impact upon treatment choice. In this retrospective audit of individuals on established feminising hormone therapy, we aimed to compare the

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Julie Refardt Departments of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Clara Odilia Sailer Departments of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Bettina Winzeler Departments of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Matthias Johannes Betz Departments of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Irina Chifu Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

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Ingeborg Schnyder Departments of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Martin Fassnacht Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
Central Laboratory, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

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Wiebke Fenske Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany

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Mirjam Christ-Crain Departments of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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for the CODDI-Investigators
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central diabetes insipidus. Patients with glucosuric polyuria, electrolyte disorders, untreated or insufficiently replaced pituitary-, adrenal- or thyroid deficiency, impaired kidney function, heart failure, uncontrolled hypertension or a history of

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Sophie Howarth Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
Department of Endocrinology, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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Luca Giovanelli Department of Endocrinology, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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Catherine Napier Department of Endocrinology, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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Simon H Pearce Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
Department of Endocrinology, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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showed normalisation of her serum electrolytes with a persistently elevated renin (372.8 mIU/L) during fludrocortisone treatment. Following COCP withdrawal, she had a basal cortisol of 344 nmol/L, rising to 452 nmol/L 60 min post-injection of 250 µg

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Mohamed Hssaini Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, University Hospital Center Hassan II, Fez, Morocco
Laboratory of Biotechnology, Environment, Food, and Health, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco

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Sana Abourazzak Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, University Hospital Center Hassan II, Fez, Morocco

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Ihsane El Otmani Laboratory of Health Sciences and Technologies, Higher Institute of Health Sciences, Hassan First University of Settat, Morocco

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Mohamed Ahakoud Medical Genetics Laboratory, University Hospital Center Hassan II, Fez, Morocco

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Amina Ameli Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, University Hospital Center Hassan II, Fez, Morocco

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Laila Bouguenouch Medical Genetics Laboratory, University Hospital Center Hassan II, Fez, Morocco

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Hicham Bekkari Laboratory of Biotechnology, Environment, Food, and Health, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco

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combination of a medical history review of the physical examination, karyotype evaluation, hormonal levels, serum electrolytes, and radiological findings. We categorized our patients into two primary groups based on their karyotypes: those with 46,XY DSD and

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Punith Kempegowda Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

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Eka Melson Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

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Agnes Johnson College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Lucy Wallett College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Lucretia Thomas College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Dengyi Zhou College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Catherine Holmes University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

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Agata Juszczak University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

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Mohammed Ali Karamat University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

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Sandip Ghosh University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

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Wasim Hanif University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

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Parth Narendran University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Srikanth Bellary University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK

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) and mixed pictures of HHS and DKA were excluded from the study. For all patients, we recorded demographic data, diabetes type, admission pH, bicarbonate, lactate, and glucose. Additionally, we also collected data on serum electrolytes, urea and

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Anna Olsson-Brown Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
The Clatterbridge Cancer Centre, Wirral, UK

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Rosemary Lord The Clatterbridge Cancer Centre, Wirral, UK

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Joseph Sacco The Clatterbridge Cancer Centre, Wirral, UK
Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK

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Jonathan Wagg Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland

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Mark Coles Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

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Munir Pirmohamed Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK

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evaluated if TSH is found to be outside the reference range) is then performed on a 3-weekly basis, alongside a standardised biochemical panel including full blood count, urea and electrolytes, liver function tests, cortisol and random glucose levels

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Bettina Winzeler Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolismus, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Michelle Steinmetz Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolismus, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Julie Refardt Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolismus, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Nicole Cesana-Nigro Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Bürgerspital Solothurn, Solothurn, Switzerland

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Milica Popovic Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolismus, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Wiebke Fenske Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany

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Mirjam Christ-Crain Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolismus, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Introduction Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disturbance in hospitalized patients (15–30%) ( 1 ) and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality ( 2 , 3 ). One of its main causes is the syndrome of inappropriate

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