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/mL) 3.94 ± 2.23 3.53 ± 1.42 0.647 IL-8 (pg/mL) 117.34 ± 115.86 92.73 ± 91.27 0.420 IL-10 (pg/mL) 5.07 ± 0.33 5.13 ± 0.60 0.796 TNF-α (pg/mL) 7.25 ± 1.85 7.34 ± 1.77 0.832 Data are presented as mean ± s
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' thyroiditis, anti-thyroid autoantibodies as well as interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels. Table 1 Prevalence of thyroid hormone abnormalities in patients with COVID-19 and controls in recently published studies. Month Author Design n Population
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School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
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The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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School of Environment and Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
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(ng/mL) 1 ± 0.4 1 ± 0.3 2 ± 0.4 IL-17α (pg/mL) 114 ± 30 203 ± 53 271 ± 48* IL-18 (ng/mL) 4 ± 1 7 ± 3 8.0 ± 1.8* MC-SF (pg/mL) 504 ± 34 423 ± 29 449 ± 43 MIP-3α (pg/mL) 118 ± 29 140 ± 30
Networking Biomedical Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
University Center of Defense of Madrid (CUD-ACD), Madrid, Spain
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Networking Biomedical Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
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Networking Biomedical Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
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Networking Biomedical Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
University Center of Defense of Madrid (CUD-ACD), Madrid, Spain
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Networking Biomedical Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
University Center of Defense of Madrid (CUD-ACD), Madrid, Spain
Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology and Oncology Service, University Hospital Príncipe de Asturias, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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′→3′) Temp. (°C) Amp. size (bp) GAPDH FwdRev TGA ACG GGA AGC TCA CTG GTCC ACC ACC CTG TTG CTG TA 60 306 IL-2 FwdRev CTG ACG CTT GTC CTC CTT GTCTGC TGC TGT GTT TCC TTT GC 60 64 IL-10 FwdRev CAT GGC CCA GAA ATC AAG
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, where 77% of patients with COVID-19 who developed ketoacidosis had T2DM ( 28 ). Interleukin-6 has also been found to be elevated in DKA and serves as a driver of ketogenesis ( 34 ), although no case of DKA was seen in our cohort despite elevated IL6
Department of Endocrinology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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in the differentiation of different effector and memory T cell populations and are necessary for the production of proinflammatory (e.g., IL-17) and anti-inflammatory molecules (e.g., IL-10); therefore, the intestinal microflora are associated with a
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absence of appropriate neovascularisation (34) . Under these circumstances, some argue that this leads to an inadequate supply of nutrients, growth factors and oxygen that in turn initiates a sequela of events including localised hypoxia, cellular death
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.58–1.64 ng/dL) and free T3 (FT3; normal: 2.6–4.8 pg/mL) in addition to the standard COVID-19 protocol which included assessment of inflammatory markers, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), D-dimer, ferritin and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). The
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released in LCH lesions lead to local amplification cascades of cellular proliferation and activation through autocrine and paracrine stimulatory pathways ( 13 ). Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor
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duodenum. Another pathway leading to hepcidin overexpression is triggered by inflammation, particularly interleukin-6 (IL-6) ( 9 ). Thus, both mechanisms may play a role in anaemia under thyroid hormonal disturbances. We have already demonstrated that the