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Simon Schimmack European Pancreas Center, Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany

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Yongchao Yang European Pancreas Center, Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China

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Klaus Felix European Pancreas Center, Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany

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Markus Herbst European Pancreas Center, Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany

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Yixiong Li Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China

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Miriam Schenk European Pancreas Center, Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany

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Frank Bergmann Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany

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Thilo Hackert European Pancreas Center, Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany

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Oliver Strobel European Pancreas Center, Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany

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/streptomycin (100 IU/mL) at 37°C with 5% CO 2 . To investigate the role of CRP as well as inflammation in pNEN cell proliferation and metastasis, BON1 and QGP1 cells were treated with the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 (recombinant human IL-6, 25 ng/ml, Cell

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Jasmin Asberger Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

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Thalia Erbes Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

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Markus Jaeger Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

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Gerta Rücker Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

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Claudia Nöthling Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

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Andrea Ritter Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

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Kai Berner Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

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Ingolf Juhasz-Böss Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

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Marc Hirschfeld Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany

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expressed in breast tissue ( 3 ). ERα seems to activate proliferation, whereas ERβ rather triggers antiproliferative activity ( 5 ). Interestingly, approximately 40 to 70% of BCs exhibit a significant expression of ERα on tumour cell membranes. In respect of

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Jana Ernst Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Grosse Steinstrasse, Halle (Saale), Germany

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Katharina Gert Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Grosse Steinstrasse, Halle (Saale), Germany

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Frank Bernhard Kraus Central Laboratory, University Hospital Halle (Saale), Ernst-Grube-Strasse, Halle (Saale), Germany

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Ulrike Elisabeth Rolle-Kampczyk Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

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Martin Wabitsch Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany

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Faramarz Dehghani Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Grosse Steinstrasse, Halle (Saale), Germany

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Kristina Schaedlich Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Grosse Steinstrasse, Halle (Saale), Germany

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expression and hormone measurement were taken at day 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8. Western blot analyses To investigate the possible effects of androstenedione on cell proliferation, SGBS preadipocytes were cultured in basal medium for 2 days before adipogenic

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Cleofas Marcial-Medina Departamento de Biologia Celular, Cinvestav-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico

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Alejandra Ordoñez-Moreno Departamento de Biologia Celular, Cinvestav-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico

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Christian Gonzalez-Reyes Departamento de Biologia Celular, Cinvestav-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico

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Pedro Cortes-Reynosa Departamento de Biologia Celular, Cinvestav-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico

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Eduardo Perez Salazar Departamento de Biologia Celular, Cinvestav-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico

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fatty acids (FFAs) ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ). FFAs are an energy source, and induce activation of signal transduction pathways in breast cancer cells ( 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ). Particularly, oleic acid (OA) induces proliferation, migration and invasion of breast

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R Solomon-Zemler Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

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L Basel-Vanagaite Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
Raphael Recanati Genetic Institute, Rabin Medical Center – Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel
Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
Pediatric Genetics, Schneider Children’s Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel

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D Steier Day Hospitalization Department, Schneider Children’s Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel

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S Yakar David B. Kriser Dental Center, Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, USA

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E Mel Jesse Z. and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Schneider Children’s Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel

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M Phillip Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
Jesse Z. and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Schneider Children’s Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel

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L Bazak Raphael Recanati Genetic Institute, Rabin Medical Center – Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel

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D Bercovich Tel-Hai College, Tel-Hai, Israel

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H Werner Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
Shalom and VardaYoran Institute for Human Genome Research, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

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L de Vries Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
Jesse Z. and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Schneider Children’s Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel

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metabolism. In vitro studies revealed that fibroblasts derived from the patient showed reduced proliferation and impaired IGF1R activation. Our data underline the key role of the IGF1R in the regulation of both growth and metabolic processes. Patients

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B C M Hermans Department of Pulmonary Diseases, GROW School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands

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J L Derks Department of Pulmonary Diseases, GROW School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands

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H J M Groen Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University of Groningen and University Medical Centre, Groningen, The Netherlands

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J A Stigt Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Isala Hospital, Zwolle, The Netherlands

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R J van Suylen Pathology-DNA, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, ‘s Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands

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L M Hillen Department of Pathology, GROW School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands

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E C van den Broek PALGA Foundation, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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E J M Speel Department of Pathology, GROW School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands

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A-M C Dingemans Department of Pulmonary Diseases, GROW School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands

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survival rates (<10 months), comparable to SCLC ( 3 , 5 ). Furthermore, Ki-67 proliferation index (PI) of LCNEC is approximately in the same range as SCLC (40–80%), whereas the PI is distinctly lower in well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors such as

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Tristan Avril Pediatric Endocrinology Department, CHU Bicetre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Reference Center for Rare Disease CRMR DevGen, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Paris, France

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Quentin Hennocq Datascience platform, Imagine Institute, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France

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Anne-Sophie Lambert Pediatric Endocrinology Department, CHU Bicetre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Reference Center for Rare Disease CRMR DevGen, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Paris, France

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Juliane Leger Pediatric Endocrinology Department, CHU Robert Debré, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Reference Center for Rare Disease CRMR de la Croissance et du Développement, Paris, France
Université Paris Cité, Faculté de Santé, UFR de Médecine, Paris, France

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Dominique Simon Pediatric Endocrinology Department, CHU Robert Debré, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Reference Center for Rare Disease CRMR de la Croissance et du Développement, Paris, France

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Laetitia Martinerie Pediatric Endocrinology Department, CHU Robert Debré, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Reference Center for Rare Disease CRMR de la Croissance et du Développement, Paris, France
Université Paris Cité, Faculté de Santé, UFR de Médecine, Paris, France
Inserm UMR1185, Le Kremlin Bicetre, Paris, France

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Claire Bouvattier Pediatric Endocrinology Department, CHU Bicetre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Reference Center for Rare Disease CRMR DevGen, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Paris, France
Inserm UMR1185, Le Kremlin Bicetre, Paris, France
Paris-Saclay University, Paris, France

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failure and infertility. Mini-puberty is a period of neonatal life which corresponds to an early and transient activation of the gonadotropic axis. Several studies have shown that this period is crucial for the early proliferation of Leydig and Sertoli

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Shruti Khare Department of Endocrinology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India

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Anurag R Lila Department of Endocrinology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India

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Hiren Patt Department of Endocrinology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India

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Chaitanya Yerawar Department of Endocrinology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India

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Manjunath Goroshi Department of Endocrinology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India

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Tushar Bandgar Department of Endocrinology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India

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Nalini S Shah Department of Endocrinology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India

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recognition and larger tumour size. Additionally it is proposed that macroprolactinoma in males have higher growth potential, as deducted from studying tumour proliferation markers (3, 4) . The aim of this retrospective analysis was to compare the gender

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Nidan Qiao Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai, China
Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai, China

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Haixia Cheng Department of Pathology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Shanghai, China

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Zhaoyun Zhang Department of Endocrinology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Shanghai, China

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Hongying Ye Department of Endocrinology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Shanghai, China

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Ming Shen Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai, China
Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai, China

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Xuefei Shou Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai, China
Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai, China

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Xiaoyun Cao Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai, China
Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai, China

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Hong Chen Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai, China
Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai, China
Department of Pathology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Shanghai, China

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Xiang Zhou Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai, China
Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai, China

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Yongfei Wang Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai, China
Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai, China

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Yao Zhao Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai, China
Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai, China

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usually encountered during surgical resection, gross total resection was achieved in most of the patients. PCs and GCTs seem to present benign behavior; however, some tumors with SCOs had a high proliferation activity and recurrence probability

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Roxanne C S van Adrichem Department of Internal Medicine, Sector of Endocrinology, ENETS Centre of Excellence for Neuroendocrine Tumors, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Aart Jan van der Lely Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Martin Huisman Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Piet Kramer Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Richard A Feelders Department of Internal Medicine, Sector of Endocrinology, ENETS Centre of Excellence for Neuroendocrine Tumors, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Patric J D Delhanty Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Wouter W de Herder Department of Internal Medicine, Sector of Endocrinology, ENETS Centre of Excellence for Neuroendocrine Tumors, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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). Neoplastic effects of ghrelin have been reported as well including: cell proliferation, cell migration, cell invasion, inflammation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis ( 17 , 18 , 19 ). Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare tumors characterized by the

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